Table 4 Univariate and multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with dipstick proteinuria ≥ 1 + and albuminuria A3

Age, years

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.815

0.98 (0.98–1.01)

0.909

1.012 (0.98–1.05)

0.317

Sex (male)

1.39 (0.93–2.06)

0.106

1.48 (0.94–2.33)

0.087

2.09 (0.54–8.13)

0.28

Site (rural)

2.98 (1.85–4.80)

< 0.001

1.53 (0.86–2.73)

0.148

3.7 (0.99–13.98)

0.051

Obesity

0.41 (1.49–1.15)

0.091

1.45(0.46–4.52)

0.523

3.54 (0.94–13.38)

0.062

Hypertension

0.93 (0.56–1.55)

0.789

1.03 (0.55–1.95)

0.916

1.00 (0.28–3.63)

0.94

Diabetes

0.69 (0.21–2.29)

0.552

1.36 (0.36–5.11)

0.647

6.12 (1.52–24.53)

0.010

HIV

2.28 (0.25–20.63)

0.462

1.69 (0.15–19.44)

0.674

NA

Urinary pH

Ref. 6.5-7.0

 < 6.5

0.36 (0.98–1.36)

0.134

0.22 (0.04–1.22)

0.084

0.54 (0.09–3.16)

0.501

 ≥ 7.5

8.76 (4.35–17.61)

< 0.001

7.45 (3.28–16.93)

< 0.001

1.47 (0.37–5.85)

0.578

Urine gravity

Ref. 1.010–1.020

 < 1.010

3.90 (2.52–6.04)

< 0.001

2.19 (1.35–3.57)

0.002

1.58 (0.28–8.84)

0.603

 ≥ 1.020

0.26 (0.11–0.57)

0.001

1.64 (0.50–5.40)

0.650

1.33 (0.25–6.95)

0.734