Table 3 Effect of CKD and dietary L-glutamine supplementation on free amino acids and sulphate (SO₄²⁻)

  L-glutamine (μmol/g)

5.48 ± 1.00

6.23 ± 1.31

5.61 ± 0.87

  L-glutamate (μmol/g)

1.20 ± 0.44

1.38 ± 0.36

1.51 ± 0.47

  L-cysteine (nmol/g)

44 ± 14

31 ± 13

27 ± 15

  L-methionine (nmol/g)

82 ± 34

98 ± 36

100 ± 27

  Taurine (μmol/g)

16.4 ± 2.7

15.6 ± 2.1

14.8 ± 1.2

  L-glutamine (μmol/g)

12.0 ± 2.7

15.1 ± 4.5

18.1 ± 6.1

  L-glutamate (μmol/g)

3.89 ± 1.25

5.51 ± 1.53

6.78 ± 1.75

  L-cysteine (nmol/g)

ND

ND

ND

  L-methionine (nmol/g)

99 ± 30

96 ± 23

156 ± 53

  Taurine (μmol/g)

25.9 ± 2.6

25.7 ± 1.7

25.2 ± 1.8

  L-glutamine (μmol/g)

7.11 ± 1.04

8.10 ± 1.13

9.09 ± 1.98

  L-glutamate (μmol/g)

2.70 ± 0.89

1.76 ± 0.54

2.29 ± 0.50

  L-cysteine (nmol/g)

ND

ND

ND

  L-methionine (nmol/g)

139 ± 20

101 ± 16

208 ± 45

  Taurine (μmol/g)

5.04 ± 1.51

8.21 ± 1.84

8.05 ± 1.71

  L-glutamine (μM)

830 ± 63

1067 ± 163

902 ± 228

  L-glutamate (μM)

92.6 ± 23.8

156.3 ± 36.9

174.0 ± 46.4

  L-cysteine (μM)

29.9 ± 4.2

46.3 ± 11.6

41.0 ± 8.4

  L-methionine (μM)

70.9 ± 18.1

94.1 ± 19.1

79.9 ± 15.8

  Taurine (μM)

289 ± 93

486 ± 119

354 ± 135

  L-glutamine (μmol/24 h)

0.42 ± 0.22

4.81 ± 2.43

17.88 ± 5.62*

  L-glutamate (μmol/24 h)

2.52 ± 0.33

1.72 ± 0.56

4.63 ± 0.99^|

  Taurine (μmol/24 h)

78.48 ± 7.63

28.25 ± 8.65*

15.56 ± 3.67*

  Sulphate (SO₄²⁻) (μmol/24 h)

159.0 ± 9.8

155.2 ± 18.7

147.8 ± 30.5

  Taurine/sulphate (SO₄²⁻) molar ratio

0.507 ± 0.054

0.181 ± 0.048*

0.138 ± 0.041*

  Total taurine + sulphate (SO₄²⁻) (μmol/24 h)

237.5 ± 14.0

183.4 ± 22.1*

163.4 ± 33.1*

  Taurine clearance (ml/min/Kg body weight)

0.703 ± 0.105

0.136 ± 0.053*

0.133 ± 0.068*