Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants

Age, year

53.5 ± 11.9

47.6 ± 11.3

58.8 ± 9.8

< 0.0001

Sex, male (%)

758 (56.2)

277 (43.0)

481 (68.2)

< 0.0001

Coronary artery disease (%)

70 (5.2)

2 (0.3)

68 (9.7)

< 0.0001

Diabetes mellitus (%)

499 (37.0)

97 (15.0)

402 (57.0)

< 0.0001

Hypertension (%)

1286 (95.3)

593 (91.9)

693 (98.3)

< 0.0001

current smoker (%)

217 (16.1)

88 (13.6)

129 (18.3)

0.020

Use of lipid-lowering drugs (%)

727 (53.9)

279 (43.3)

448 (63.6)

< 0.0001

Mean blood pressure, mmHg

94.0 ± 11.6

93.1 ± 11.3

94.8 ± 11.9

0.005

Waist hip ratio (%)

89.8 ± 7.2

87.6 ± 7.8

91.8 ± 5.8

< 0.0001

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.72 ± 1.12

1.44 ± 0.93

1.98 ± 1.21

< 0.0001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m²

56.7 ± 32.4

67.3 ± 33.9

47.1 ± 27.5

< 0.0001

Uric acid, mg/dL

7.0 ± 1.9

6.7 ± 2.0

7.3 ± 1.9

< 0.0001

Calcium, mg/dL

9.1 ± 0.5

9.2 ± 0.49

9.1 ± 0.6

< 0.0001

Phosphate, mg/dL

3.7 ± 0.7

3.6 ± 0.6

3.8 ± 0.7

< 0.0001

LDL cholesterol, mmol/L

98.4 ± 31.9

102.6 ± 29.9

94.5 ± 33.1

< 0.0001

HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

50.0 ± 15.8

53.6 ± 15.5

46.8 ± 15.4

< 0.0001

Ln PTH, pg/mL

3.95 ± 0.74

3.85 ± 0.70

4.05 ± 0.77

< 0.0001

Ln 24 h urine protein, mg

6.1 ± 1.8

5.7 ± 1.9

6.5 ± 1.6

< 0.0001