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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted weighted association with decreased eGFR and/or albuminuria among 7,373 NHANES participants

From: The association of urine osmolality with decreased kidney function and/or albuminuria in the United States

Variable

Urine Osmolality (mOsm/kg)

Quartile 1

(N = 1706)

Quartile 2

(N = 1811)

Quartile 3

(N = 1879)

Quartile 4

(N = 1977)

Primary Outcome

Decreased eGFR ± albuminuria  (unweighted cases, %)a

116 (6.2%)

213 (8.6%)

179 (7.5%)

102 (4.3%)

 Logistic Regression Analysis — Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

 

  Unadjusted Analysis

Ref

1.42 (1.03, 1.96)

1.24 (0.92, 1.66)

0.69 (0.51, 0.93)

  Multivariable Analysis

    

   Model 1b

Ref

1.23 (0.88, 1.73)

1.16 (0.88, 1.52)

0.82 (0.60, 1.11)

   Model 2c

Ref

1.26 (0.90, 1.74)

1.17 (0.89, 1.53)

0.84 (0.63, 1.12)

   Model 3d

Ref

1.17 (0.84, 1.64)

1.03 (0.78, 1.37)

0.77 (0.56, 1.06)

   Model 4e

Ref

1.17 (0.84, 1.64)

1.04 (0.78, 1.37)

0.77 (0.56, 1.07)

Secondary Outcomes

Decreased eGFR (unweighted cases, %)

36 (1.9)

76 (3.8)

46 (2.0)

14 (0.8)

 Logistic Regression Analysis — Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

  Unadjusted Analysis

Ref

2.09 (1.15, 3.80)

1.08 (0.52, 2.25)

0.43 (0.16, 1.18)

  Multivariable Analysis

    

   Model 1b

Ref

1.67 (0.89, 3.14)

1.07 (0.52, 2.19)

0.80 (0.28, 2.29)

   Model 2c

Ref

1.67 (0.93, 3.00)

1.01 (0.50, 2.03)

0.78 (0.27, 2.24)

   Model 3d

Ref

1.53 (0.85, 2.76)

0.85 (0.42, 1.72)

0.65 (0.23, 1.81)

   Model 4e

Ref

1.55 (0.86, 2.80)

0.86 (0.42, 1.76)

0.66 (0.23, 1.86)

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) — mean (SE)

99.0 (0.6)

95.0 (0.7)

98.2 (0.7)

102.8 (0.7)

 Linear Regression Analysis — ß (95% Confidence Interval)

  Unadjusted Analysis

Ref

−4.00 (−5.55, −2.46)

−0.86 (−2.60, 0.87)

3.80 (2.27, 5.32)

  Multivariable Analysis

    

   Model 1b

Ref

−1.90 (−2.85, −0.95)

−0.90 (−2.17, 0.36)

−1.25 (−2.48, −0.02)

   Model 2c

Ref

−1.87 (−2.79, −0.94)

−0.87 (−2.08, 0.34)

−1.17 (−2.31, −0.02)

   Model 3d

Ref

−1.87 (−2.79, −0.95)

−0.88 (−2.06, 0.30)

−1.12 (−2.28, 0.05)

   Model 4e

Ref

−1.88 (−2.80, −0.96)

−0.91 (−2.10, 0.28)

−1.14 (−2.28, 0.01)

Albuminuria (unweighted cases, %)f

94 (4.7)

166 (5.7)

140 (6.0)

89 (3.5)

 Logistic Regression Analysis — Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

  Unadjusted Analysis

Ref

1.24 (0.84, 1.82)

1.28 (0.94, 1.75)

0.74 (0.51, 1.09)

  Multivariable Analysis

    

   Model 1b

Ref

1.10 (0.74, 1.64)

1.17 (0.86, 1.59)

0.75 (0.50, 1.13)

   Model 2c

Ref

1.12 (0.76, 1.66)

1.18 (0.85, 1.64)

0.78 (0.52, 1.17)

   Model 3d

Ref

1.05 (0.71, 1.56)

1.05 (0.75, 1.47)

0.73 (0.48, 1.13)

   Model 4e

Ref

1.07 (0.73, 1.57)

1.09 (0.78, 1.51)

0.76 (0.51, 1.14)

Log-transformed ACR — mean (SE)

1.9 (0.0)

1.9 (0.0)

1.9 (0.0)

1.8 (0.0)

 Linear Regression Analysis — ß (95% Confidence Interval)

  Unadjusted Analysis

Ref

0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)

−0.03 (−0.11, 0.05)

−0.13 (−0.21, −0.05)

  Multivariable Analysis

    

   Model 1b

Ref

0.02 (−0.06, 0.10)

−0.01 (−0.09, 0.07)

−0.06 (−0.14, 0.02)

   Model 2c

Ref

0.02 (−0.05, 0.10)

−0.01 (−0.08, 0.07)

−0.05 (−0.13, 0.02)

   Model 3d

Ref

0.01 (−0.06, 0.09)

−0.02 (−0.10, 0.06)

−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)

   Model 4e

Ref

0.01 (−0.06, 0.09)

−0.02 (−0.10, 0.06)

−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)

  1. Abbreviations: NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, SE Standard Error, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, ACR urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio.
  2. aDecreased eGFR was defined by eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2. Albuminuria was defined by ACR ≥ 30 mg/gm. The total unweighted number of cases was 610. The prevalence from the lowest to highest quartiles of osmolality was 116 (6.2%), 213 (8.6%), 179 (7.5%), and 102 (4.3%), respectively (p-value for trend = 0.02).
  3. bModel 1 was adjusted for demographic factors including age, sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, Hispanic, and other races).
  4. cModel 2 was Model 1 plus social factors including education (< high school, high school, and ≥ college), family income-to-poverty (< 1 vs ≥ 1), and smoking (never, former, and current).
  5. dModel 3 was Model 2 plus cardiovascular risk factors including BMI (< 25, 25–30, and ≥ 30 kg/m2), diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.
  6. eModel 4 was Model 3 plus a dietary sodium intake (500-mg increment or quarter a teaspoon salt)
  7. fAlbuminuria was based on spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30mg/gm
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BMC Nephrology

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