Burden of chronic kidney disease and its risk-attributable burden in 137 low-and middle-income countries, 1990–2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019

Table 3 The AAPC in age-standardized rates of YLD, YLL, and DALY for CKD,1990–2019

region	Age-standardized YLD rate per 100,000 persons		Age-standardized YLL rate per 100,000 persons		Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 persons
	AAPC	P-Value	AAPC	P-Value	AAPC	P-Value
Global
Male	1.1(1.0 to 1.3)	< 0.001	0.2(0.1 to 0.3)	< 0.001	0.3(0.3 to 0.4)	< 0.001
Female	1.1(1.0 to 1.2)	< 0.001	0.0 (−0.1 to 0.0)	0.330	0.2(0.1 to 0.3)	< 0.001
Both	1.1(1.0 to 1.2)	< 0.001	0.1(0.0 to 0.2)	0.006	0.3(0.2 to 0.4)	< 0.001
HICs
Male	0.7(0.6 to 0.8)	< 0.001	0.4(0.4 to 0.5)	< 0.001	0.5(0.4 to 0.6)	< 0.001
Female	0.6(0.4 to 0.7)	< 0.001	0.6(0.5 to 0.6)	< 0.001	0.6(0.5 to 0.7)	< 0.001
Both	0.6(0.5 to 0.8)	< 0.001	0.6(0.5 to 0.6)	< 0.001	0.6(0.5 to 0.7)	< 0.001
LICs
Male	1.0(0.9 to 1.1)	< 0.001	− 0.6(− 0.6 to − 0.6)	< 0.001	− 0.5(− 0.5 to − 0.5)	< 0.001
Female	0.8(0.7 to 0.9)	< 0.001	− 0.7(− 0.8 to − 0.7)	< 0.001	− 0.5(− 0.6 to − 0.5)	< 0.001
Both	0.9(0.8 to 1.0)	< 0.001	− 0.7(− 0.7 to − 0.7)	< 0.001	− 0.5(− 0.6 to − 0.5)	< 0.001
Lower MICs
Male	1.1(0.9 to 1.3)	< 0.001	0.1(0.0 to 0.3)	0.054	0.3(0.1 to 0.4)	0.001
Female	1.0(0.9 to 1.1)	< 0.001	− 0.2(− 0.3 to − 0.1)	< 0.001	0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)	0.507
Both	1.1(0.9 to 1.2)	< 0.001	0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)	0.800	0.2(0.0 to 0.3)	0.006
Upper MICs
Male	1.4(1.2 to 1.6)	< 0.001	− 0.2(− 0.2 to − 0.1)	< 0.001	0.1(0.1 to 0.2)	0.001
Female	1.3(1.1 to 1.5)	< 0.001	−0.5(− 0.6 to − 0.4)	< 0.001	0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)	0.443
Both	1.4(1.2 to 1.5)	< 0.001	− 0.3(− 0.4 to − 0.2)	< 0.001	0.1(0.0 to 0.1)	0.150

CKD Chronic kidney disease, AAPC average annual percentage change, YLD Years lived with disability, YLL Years of life lost, DALY Disability-adjusted life-years, HICs High-income countries, LICs Low-income countries, Lower MICs Lower-middle income countries, Upper MICs Upper-middle income countries

ISSN: 1471-2369