Table 4 PAF (%) of age-standardized DALY for CKD risk factors in specific region, 1990–2019

 High temperature

−0.07(−4.44 to 2.70)

0.53(−1.52 to 2.05)

−903.97(− 1125.73 to 1395.84)

–

–

 Low temperature

4.55(2.60 to 6.43)

3.97(2.15 to 5.60)

−12.71(−25.62 to 1.70)

− 0.6(− 0.7 to − 0.5)

< 0.001

 Lead exposure

3.16(1.90 to 4.63)

2.92(1.70 to 4.33)

−7.60(− 13.74 to −3.33)

− 0.2(− 0.4 to − 0.1)

0.003

 Diet high in sodium

6.65(2.12 to 13.92)

6.11(1.50 to 13.95)

−8.20(− 34.98 to 1.56)

− 0.2(− 0.3 to − 0.2)

< 0.001

 High fasting plasma glucose

29.15(24.92 to 33.18)

30.89(26.49 to 34.95)

5.99(1.48 to 9.25)

0.2(0.2 to 0.3)

< 0.001

 High systolic blood pressure

47.48(42.63 to 52.14)

51.36(45.96 to 56.42)

8.17(4.17 to 11.30)

0.3(0.3 to 0.3)

< 0.001

 High body-mass index

15.80(8.35 to 25.53)

26.46(16.69 to 37.46)

67.48(42.97 to 105.85)

1.9(1.8 to 1.9)

< 0.001

 High temperature

0.06 (−0.37 to 0.30)

0.22(− 0.36 to 0.59)

248.12(− 1088.38 to 1044.41)

–

–

 Low temperature

6.47 (3.83 to 9.26)

5.99(3.53 to 8.53)

−7.33(− 14.91 to 3.27)

− 0.4(− 0.5 to − 0.3)

< 0.001

 Lead exposure

1.70 (0.57 to 3.08)

1.28(0.34 to 2.57)

−24.61(−42.43 to − 16.04)

−1.0(− 1.1 to − 0.8)

< 0.001

 Diet high in sodium

5.46 (1.22 to 13.14)

4.73(0.57 to 12.79)

− 13.34(− 55.06 to − 1.63)

− 0.7(− 0.7 to − 0.6)

< 0.001

 High fasting plasma glucose

27.10 (22.85 to 31.16)

30.67(26.07 to 34.97)

13.14(9.99 to 16.45)

0.4(0.3 to 0.5)

< 0.001

 High systolic blood pressure

57.45 (51.66 to 62.62)

54.68(49.03 to 60.1)

−4.82(−6.9 to − 2.81)

− 0.3(− 0.3 to − 0.2)

< 0.001

 High body-mass index

27.88 (16.65 to 40.47)

36.3(24.02 to 49.32)

30.23(18.03 to 51.6)

0.9(0.8 to 1.0)

< 0.001

 High temperature

− 0.02(− 7.62 to 4.55)

0.63(− 3.67 to 2.40)

− 3026.12(− 877.52 to 676.46)

–

–

 Low temperature

3.71(1.90 to 5.38)

3.24(1.46 to 4.93)

− 12.62(− 26.55 to 5.47)

–0.6(–0.7 to –0.5)

< 0.001

 Lead exposure

3.66(2.29 to 5.20)

3.73(2.34 to 5.24)

1.73(− 6.07 to 8.71)

0.0(-0.1 to 0.2)

0.474

 Diet high in sodium

5.71(0.86 to 15.00)

4.92(0.48 to 14.20)

−13.83(− 51.75 to − 1.40)

−0.6(−0.6 to −0.6)

< 0.001

 High fasting plasma glucose

28.49(23.32 to 33.25)

29.15(24.25 to 33.42)

2.31(− 2.66 to 6.55)

0.1(0.0 to 0.1)

< 0.001

 High systolic blood pressure

48.85(43.66 to 54.11)

52.62(47.37 to 57.61)

7.72(0.82 to 11.89)

0.3(0.2 to 0.3)

< 0.001

 High body-mass index

10.94(4.62 to 20.08)

18.64(10.40 to 28.84)

70.37(40.14 to 133.32)

2.0(1.8 to 2.2)

< 0.001

 High temperature

−0.14(−8.82 to 5.31)

0.90(− 2.38 to 3.56)

− 729.61(− 1321.80 to 1093.38)

–

–

 Low temperature

2.59(0.50 to 4.49)

2.56(0.23 to 4.52)

−1.32(− 50.39 to 36.88)

−0.4(−0.6 to −0.2)

< 0.001

 Lead exposure

4.20(2.79 to 5.79)

3.97(2.60 to 5.50)

− 5.35(− 11.02 to − 0.82)

−0.2(−0.4 to −0.1)

0.012

 Diet high in sodium

5.15(0.98 to 12.41)

4.97(0.62 to 12.68)

−3.53(− 39.12 to 4.48)

−0.1(−0.1 to 0.0)

< 0.001

 High fasting plasma glucose

30.02(25.17 to 34.53)

32.52(27.66 to 37.00)

8.33(3.62 to 12.33)

0.3(0.3 to 0.4)

< 0.001

 High systolic blood pressure

48.13(43.14 to 53.29)

51.82(46.08 to 57.17)

7.66(2.87 to 11.00)

0.3(0.3 to 0.3)

< 0.001

 High body-mass index

11.18(5.19 to 19.70)

23.68(14.51 to 34.14)

111.83(66.28 to 196.48)

2.7(2.7 to 2.8)

< 0.001

 High temperature

−0.03(−1.47 to 0.82)

0.21(−0.67 to 0.77)

−858.03(− 1391.68 to 1289.47)

–

–

 Low temperature

5.83(3.17 to 8.40)

4.79(2.78 to 6.75)

−17.73(−26.50 to −3.66)

− 0.8(−0.9 to −0.7)

< 0.001

 Lead exposure

3.07(1.82 to 4.52)

2.90(1.67 to 4.37)

−5.67(− 11.73 to − 0.70)

0.0(-0.1 to 0.2)

0.846

 Diet high in sodium

9.49(3.90 to 17.23)

8.74(3.05 to 17.12)

−7.83(− 30.95 to 5.14)

− 0.1(-0.2 to 0.0)

0.041

 High fasting plasma glucose

31.37(27.18 to 35.03)

31.79(27.68 to 35.63)

1.35(− 2.72 to 5.80)

0.1(0.0 to 0.1)

< 0.001

 High systolic blood pressure

45.87(40.97 to 50.79)

53.64(48.10 to 59.04)

16.94(12.55 to 22.01)

0.6(0.6 to 0.7)

< 0.001

 High body-mass index

16.71(8.67 to 27.05)

29.01(18.14 to 41.21)

73.58(48.84 to 113.01)

1.9(1.9 to 2.0)

< 0.001