Associations of a healthy lifestyle score from childhood to adulthood with subclinical kidney damage in midlife: a population-based cohort study

Table 4 The association of HLS category ^a from childhood to adulthood with SKD, UACR and eGFR in midlife (2014–19)

	SKD/n (%)	SKD	UACR (mg/mmol)	eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)
	SKD/n (%)	RR (95% CI)	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
Persistently healthy	19/449 (4.2)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Improving	5/103 (4.9)	1.00 (0.36 to 2.71)	0.08 (−0.01 to 0.17)	0.12 (−2.43 to 2.66)
Worsening	8/131 (6.1)	1.39 (0.62 to 3.14)	−0.02 (− 0.08 to 0.04)	−1.01 (−3.27 to 1.24)
Persistently unhealthy	4/57 (7.0)	1.46 (0.50 to 4.21)	0.02 (−0.08 to 0.11)	1.03 (−2.19 to 4.26)

HLS healthy lifestyle score; UACR urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; SKD subclinical kidney damage; RR relative risk; CI confidence interval
^a HLS category was defined as unhealthy with HLS range from 0 to 5, and healthy with HLS range from 6 to 10
Note: adjusted for childhood age, sex, socio-economic position, self-reported health status in childhood, education, occupation in midlife and the duration of follow-up

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