Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the 440 participants from Suttu town, Hokkaido, Japan
| Â | Overall | Men | Women | p-value for difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | (n = 440) | (n = 190) | (n = 250) | |
Age (years) | 58.3 ± 12.1 | 57.3 ± 12.1 | 59.0 ± 12.0 | 0.13 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 23.2 ± 3.8 | <  0.001 |
Smoking status (%) |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
 Never smoker | 47.1% (208) | 17.4% (33) | 70.0% (175) |  |
 Former smoker | 32.0% (141) | 50.0% (95) | 18.4% (46) |  |
 Current smoker | 20.7% (91) | 32.6% (62) | 11.6% (29) |  |
Alcohol drinking (%) |  |  |  | <  0.001 |
 Never drinker | 33.9% (150) | 17.9% (34) | 46.4% (116) |  |
 Former drinker | 8.4% (37) | 10.0% (19) | 7.2% (18) |  |
 Current drinker | 57.5% (253) | 71.1% (137) | 46.4% (116) |  |
Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 1760.7 ± 539.7 | 1953.0 ± 546.2 | 1614.7 ± 487.3 | <  0.001 |
Sodium intake (g/d) | 10.9 ± 3.6 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 10.3 ± 3.4 | <  0.001 |
Fat intake (g/d) | 49.8 ± 19.1 | 50.9 ± 18.8 | 49.0 ± 19.4 | 0.31 |
Educational background | Â | Â | Â | 0.016 |
 < High school | 57.0% (251) | 50.5% (96) | 62.0% (155) |  |
 ≥ High school | 43.0% (189) | 49.5% (94) | 38.0% (95) |  |
Hypertension | 57.7% (254) | 57.4% (109) | 58.0% (145) | 0.89 |
Diabetes | 14.8% (65) | 15.8% (30) | 14.0% (35) | 0.60 |
Dyslipidemia | 34.5% (152) | 27.9% (53) | 39.6% (99) | 0.011 |
eGFR cystatin | 92.6 ± 19.9 | 92.4 ± 19.3 | 92.8 ± 20.4 | 0.82 |
eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (%) | 5.5% (24) | 5.8% (11) | 5.2% (13) | 0.79 |
Sedentary behavior (min/d) | 463.2 ± 117.5 | 494.6 ± 119.9 | 439.4 ± 110.0 | <  0.001 |
Light physical activity (min/d) | 369.1 ± 95.6 | 325.0 ± 83.5 | 402.6 ± 90.6 | <  0.001 |
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/d) | 50.5 ± 31.1 | 47.2 ± 29.9 | 53.1 ± 31.8 | 0.049 |