Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants from NHANES, 2013 to 2014
From: The association between olfactory and gustatory dysfunction and chronic kidney disease
Characteristics | CKD | Controls (without CKD) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal olfactory function (n = 292) | With olfactory dysfunction (n = 181) | P-value | Normal olfactory function (n = 2471) | With olfactory dysfunction (n = 583) | P-value | |
Gustatory dysfunction, % | 8.4 | 16.0 | 0.07 | 17.9 | 20.0 | 0.37 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), ml/min/1.73 m2 | 48.1 (0.9) | 43.9 (1.4) | 0.03 | 88.8 (0.4) | 87.0 (1.0) | 0.09 |
Age, y | 67.6 (0.9) | 73.7 (1.0) | 0.002 | 55.5 (0.2) | 60.9 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
Male, % | 43.0 | 45.2 | 0.60 | 47.0 | 54.2 | 0.07 |
Race, % | 0.01 | 0.003 | ||||
- Non-Hispanic white | 83.7 | 75.7 | 72.5 | 62.2 | ||
- Non-Hispanic black | 7.5 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 11.9 | ||
- Hispanic | 4.7 | 8.5 | 11.3 | 15.1 | ||
- Other | 4.2 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 10.9 | ||
Education attainment, % | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
- Less than high school | 12.3 | 31.5 | 13.1 | 25.3 | ||
- High school | 22.2 | 21.8 | 21.8 | 20.4 | ||
- Above high school | 65.5 | 45.7 | 65.2 | 54.2 | ||
Marital status, % | 0.006 | 0.67 | ||||
- Married or cohabiting | 39.9 | 54.9 | 68.9 | 67.1 | ||
- Not married or cohabiting | 60.1 | 45.1 | 31.1 | 32.9 | ||
Family income to poverty ratio, % | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
- < 1.3 | 21.8 | 28.3 | 19.1 | 28.1 | ||
- 1.3–3.5 | 35.0 | 53.4 | 32.7 | 42.0 | ||
- > 3.5 | 43.3 | 18.4 | 48.2 | 29.9 | ||
Tobacco use, % | 0.30 | 0.07 | ||||
- Never | 50.5 | 51.1 | 55.3 | 52.3 | ||
- Past | 40.0 | 34.2 | 26.1 | 32.6 | ||
- Current | 9.5 | 14.0 | 18.6 | 15.0 | ||
Alcohol drinking | 0.05 | 0.002 | ||||
- Non-drinker | 36.0 | 52.5 | 22.7 | 37.9 | ||
- 1–3 drinks | 45.6 | 35.7 | 47.3 | 36.7 | ||
- > 4 drinks | 18.4 | 11.8 | 29.9 | 25.5 | ||
Obesity, % | 43.1 | 35.9 | 0.28 | 39.4 | 34.0 | 0.06 |
Underlying disease | ||||||
Chronic hypertension, % | 82.1 | 84.0 | 0.73 | 53.2 | 60.9 | 0.007 |
Cardiovascular disease, % | 25.5 | 38.2 | 0.009 | 7.1 | 10.1 | 0.04 |
Diabetes, % | 32.3 | 32.8 | 0.93 | 12.4 | 15.4 | 0.09 |
Depression, % | 30.4 | 32.7 | 0.76 | 23.3 | 20.7 | 0.30 |
Cancer, % | 26.1 | 27.0 | 0.86 | 13.2 | 18.9 | 0.02 |