Table 1 Patient characteristics, baseline comorbidities, and medications used before admission (before and after matching)
Patients Characteristic | Nonmatched cohorts | Matched cohorts | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (N = 1199) | Nonfasting (n = 599) | Fasting (n = 600) | p value* | Overall (N = 998) | Nonfasting (n = 499) | Fasting (n = 499) | p value | |
Age in years, mean (SD) | 51.3 (21.3) | 53.3 (22.2) | 49.3 (20.1) | 0.001 | 50.1 (21.4) | 50.4 (22.2) | 49.7 (20.4) | 0.612 |
Age > 60 years | 498 (40.8) | 270 (45.1) | 219 (36.5) | 0.002 | 387 (38.8) | 194 (38.9) | 193 (38.7) | 0.948 |
Gender (female) | 543 (44.5) | 262 (43.7) | 272 (45.3) | 0.578 | 464 (46.5) | 222 (44.5) | 242 (48.5) | 0.204 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.6 (6.0) | 27.61 (6.1) | 27.58 (5.9) | 0.926 | 27.5 (6.1) | 27.5 (6.1) | 27.7 (6.1) | 0.539 |
CCI > 4 | 482 (40.2) | 262 (43.7) | 220 (36.7) | 0.013 | 376 (37.7) | 188 (37.7) | 188 (37.7) | 1.000 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||
 Hypertension | 528 (44.0) | 288 (48.0) | 240 (40.0) | 0.005 | 411 (41.2) | 208 (41.7) | 203 (40.7) | 0.748 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 518 (43.2) | 274 (45.7) | 244 (40.7) | 0.076 | 401 (40.2) | 208 (41.7) | 193 (38.7) | 0.333 |
 History of AKI | 306 (25.5) | 164 (27.4) | 142 (23.7) | 0.140 | 239 (24.0) | 117 (23.5) | 122 (24.5) | 0.711 |
 Cardiomyopathy | 144 (12.0) | 94 (15.7) | 50 (8.3) |  < 0.001 | 120 (12.0) | 70 (14.0) | 50 (10.0) | 0.052 |
 Anemia | 140 (11.7) | 91 (15.2) | 49 (8.2) |  < 0.001 | 101 (10.1) | 52 (10.4) | 49 (9.8) | 0.753 |
 Ischemic heart diseases | 139 (11.6) | 96 (16.0) | 43 (7.2) |  < 0.001 | 94 (10.2) | 51 (10.2) | 43 (8.6) | 0.386 |
 Heart failure | 132 (11.0) | 67 (11.2) | 65 (10.8) | 0.845 | 112 (11.2) | 48 (9.6) | 64 (12.8) | 0.109 |
 Stroke | 122 (10.2) | 70 (11.7) | 52 (8.7) | 0.084 | 94 (9.4) | 48 (9.6) | 46 (9.2) | 0.828 |
 Asthma | 113 (9.4) | 63 (10.5) | 50 (8.33) | 0.196 | 94 (9.4) | 49 (9.8) | 45 (9.0) | 0.665 |
 Dyslipidemia | 78 (6.5) | 55 (9.2) | 23 (3.8) |  < 0.001 | 47 (4.7) | 24 (4.8) | 23 (4.6) | 0.881 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 82 (6.0) | 46 (7.7) | 36 (6.0) | 0.249 | 61 (6.1) | 28 (5.6) | 33 (6.6) | 0.509 |
 Hypothyroidism | 70 (5.5) | 42 (7.0) | 28 (4.7) | 0.083 | 49 (4.9) | 30 (6.0) | 19 (3.8) | 0.107 |
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 58 (4.8) | 30 (5.0) | 28 (4.7) | 0.782 | 47 (4.7) | 19 (3.8) | 28 (5.6) | 0.179 |
 Seizure | 38 (3.2) | 22 (3.7) | 16 (2.7) | 0.320 | 28 (2.8) | 14 (2.8) | 14 (2.8) | 1.000 |
 Liver cirrhosis | 27 (2.3) | 15 (2.5) | 12 (2.0) | 0.556 | 19 (1.9) | 9 (1.8) | 10 (2.0) | 0.817 |
 Kidney transplant | 21 (1.8) | 7 (1.2) | 14 (2.3) | 0.124 | 19 (1.9) | 7 (1.4) | 12 (2.4) | 0.247 |
 History of cancer | 15 (1.3) | 12 (2.0) | 3 (0.5) | 0.019 | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 0.316 |
 Liver transplant | 14 (1.2) | 7 (1.2) | 7 (1.2) | 0.998 | 11 (1.1) | 4 (0.8) | 7 (1.4) | 0.363 |
 History of VTE | 9 (0.8) | 5 (0.8) | 4 (0.7) | 0.736 | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.6) | 2 (0.4) | 0.313 |
 Hepatitis B | 9 (0.7) | 8 (1.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0.021 | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 |
 Hepatitis C | 7 (0.6) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0.058 | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 |
 Glomerulonephritis | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0.999 | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0.563 |
Clinical parameter | ||||||||
 Baseline SCr level (µmol/L) |  |  |  | 0.058 |  |  |  | 0.400 |
  < 60 | 232 (19.4) | 104 (17.4) | 128 (21.3) |  | 207 (20.8) | 95 (19.1) | 115 (23.1) |  |
  60–110 | 854 (71.2) | 429 (71.6) | 425 (70.8) |  | 709 (71.0) | 361 (72.3) | 345 (69.1) |  |
  > 110 | 113 (9.4) | 66 (11.0) | 47 (7.8) |  | 82 (8.2) | 43 (8.6) | 39 (7.8) |  |
 Baseline eGFR level (mL/min) |  |  |  | 0.095 |  |  |  | 0.792 |
  ≥ 60 | 1044 (87.1) | 513 (85.6) | 531 (88.5) |  | 883 (88.5) | 438 (87.8) | 444 (89.0) |  |
  45–59 | 94 (7.8) | 46 (7.7) | 48 (8.0) |  | 67 (6.7) | 34 (6.8) | 34 (6.8) |  |
  30–44 | 38 (3.2) | 25 (4.2) | 13 (2.2) |  | 29 (2.9) | 16 (3.2) | 13 (2.6) |  |
  15–29 | 18 (1.5) | 13 (2.2) | 5 (0.8) |  | 14 (1.4) | 9 (1.8) | 5 (1.0) |  |
  < 15 | 5 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 3 (0.5) |  | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.6) |  |
 Baseline albumin level (g/L) |  |  |  | 0.340 |  |  |  | 0.607 |
  Hypo < 35 | 903 (75.3) | 444 (74.1) | 459 (76.5) |  | 756 (75.8) | 379 (75.9) | 372 (74.6) |  |
  Normal ≥ 35 | 296 (24.7) | 155 (25.9) | 141 (23.5) |  | 242 (24.2) | 120 (24.1) | 127 (25.4) |  |
Medications used before admission | ||||||||
 PPIs | 473 (39.5) | 282 (47.1) | 191 (31.8) |  < 0.001 | 385 (38.6) | 218 (43.7) | 166 (33.3) |  < 0.001 |
 ARBs | 264 (22.0) | 236 (39.4) | 28 (4.7) |  < 0.001 | 211 (21.1) | 183 (36.7) | 27 (5.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Diuretics | 209 (17.4) | 136 (22.7) | 73 (12.2) |  < 0.001 | 159 (15.9) | 92 (18.4) | 67 (13.4) | 0.030 |
 ACE-Is | 126 (10.5) | 104 (17.4) | 22 (3.7) |  < 0.001 | 91 (9.1) | 73 (14.6) | 18 (3.6) |  < 0.001 |
 NSAIDs | 117 (9.8) | 83 (13.9) | 34 (5.7) |  < 0.001 | 97 (9.7) | 72 (14.4) | 25 (5.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Immunosuppressive medications | 26 (2.2) | 9 (1.5) | 17 (2.8) | 0.114 | 21 (2.1) | 7 (1.4) | 15 (3.0) | 0.085 |