Table 2 Assessment of factors associated with incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the matched cohorts
Variable | Category | Nonfasting (Non-Ramadan) | Fasting (Ramadan) | Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No AKI | AKI | No AKI | AKI | COR (95%CI)a | AORb (95%CI) | ||
Ramadan (fasting) |  | 397 (79.6) | 102 (20.4) | 432 (86.6) | 67 (13.4) | 0.60 (0.43–0.85) | 0.65 (0.44 – 0.98) |
Age > 60 years | No | 261 (52.3) | 44 (8.8) | 282 (56.5) | 24 (4.8) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 136 (27.3) | 58 (11.6) | 150 (30.1) | 43 (8.6) | 2.85 (2.02–4.00) | — | |
CCI > 4 | No | 277 (55.5) | 34 (6.8) | 290 (58.1) | 21 (4.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 120 (24.1) | 68 (13.6) | 142 (28.5) | 46 (9.2) | 4.56 (3.19–6.50) | — | |
Gender | Male | 222 (44.5) | 55 (11.0) | 216 (43.3) | 41 (8.2) | 1.0 | — |
Female | 175 (35.1) | 47 (9.4) | 216 (43.3) | 26 (5.2) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | — | |
Comorbidities | |||||||
 Hypertension | No | 257 (51.5) | 34 (6.8) | 273 (54.7) | 23 (4.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 140 (28.1) | 68 (13.6) | 159 (31.9) | 44 (8.8) | 3.5 (2.47–4.97) | 2.17 (1.48–3.18) | |
 Diabetes mellitus | No | 249 (49.9) | 42 (8.4) | 276 (55.3) | 30 (6.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 148 (29.7) | 60 (12.0) | 156 (31.3) | 37 (7.4) | 2.30 (1.65–3.23) | — | |
 History of AKI | No | 340 (68.1) | 42 (8.4) | 344 (68.9) | 33 (6.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 57 (11.4) | 60 (12.0) | 88 (17.6) | 34 (6.8) | 6.12 (4.28–8.74) | 5.05 (3.46–7.39) | |
 Cardiomyopathy | No | 349 (70.0) | 80 (16.0) | 391 (78.4) | 58 (11.6) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 48 (9.6) | 22 (4.4) | 41 (8.2) | 9 (1.8) | 1.80 (1.14–2.82) | — | |
 Anemia | No | 357 (71.6) | 90 (18.0) | 390 (78.2) | 60 (12.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 40 (8.0) | 12 (2.4) | 42 (8.4) | 7 (1.4) | 1.15 (0.67–1.95) | — | |
 Ischemic heart diseases | No | 363 (72.8) | 85 (17.0) | 401 (80.4) | 55 (11.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 34 (6.8) | 17 (3.4) | 31 (6.2) | 12 (2.4) | 2.40 (1.49–3.86) | — | |
 Heart failure | No | 371 (74.4) | 80 (16.0) | 379 (76.0) | 56 (11.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 26 (5.2) | 22 (4.4) | 53 (10.6) | 11 (2.2) | 2.43 (1.55–3.82) | — | |
 Stroke | No | 363 (72.8) | 88 (17.6) | 391 (78.4) | 62 (12.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 34 (6.8) | 14 (2.8) | 41 (8.2) | 5 (1.0) | 1.27 (0.74–2.17) | — | |
 Asthma | No | 364 (73.0) | 86 (17.2) | 393 (78.8) | 61 (12.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 33 (6.6) | 16 (3.2) | 39 (7.8) | 6 (1.2) | 1.56 (0.94–2.61) | — | |
 Dyslipidemia | No | 381 (76.4) | 94 (18.8) | 414 (83.0) | 62 (12.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 16 (3.2) | 8 (1.6) | 18 (3.6) | 5 (1.0) | 1.95 (1.01–3.80) | — | |
 Chronic kidney disease | No | 384 (77.0) | 87 (17.4) | 411 (82.4) | 55 (11.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 13 (2.6) | 15 (3.0) | 21 (4.2) | 12 (2.4) | 4.65 (2.71–8.00) | — | |
 Hypothyroidism | No | 375 (75.2) | 94 (18.8) | 420 (84.2) | 60 (12.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 22 (4.4) | 8 (1.6) | 12 (2.4) | 7 (1.4) | 2.17 (1.15–4.10) | — | |
 COPD | No | 381 (76.4) | 99 (19.8) | 412 (82.6) | 59 (11.8) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 16 (3.2) | 3 (0.6) | 20 (4.0) | 8 (1.6) | 1.62 (0.81–3.28) | — | |
 Seizure | No | 383 (76.8) | 102 (20.4) | 419 (84.0) | 66 (13.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 14 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (2.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0.18 (0.02–1.31) | — | |
 Liver cirrhosis | No | 394 (79.0) | 96 (19.2) | 425 (85.2) | 64 (12.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 3 (0.6) | 6 (1.2) | 7 (1.4) | 3 (0.6) | 4.77 (1.89–12.02) | 3.01 (1.04–8.70) | |
 Kidney transplant | No | 392 (78.6) | 100 (20.0) | 422 (84.6) | 65 (13.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 5 (1.0) | 2 (0.4) | 10 (2.0) | 2 (0.4) | 1.42 (0.46–4.35) | — | |
 History of cancer | No | 396 (79.4) | 102 (20.4) | 430 (86.2) | 66 (13.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 1.88 (0.19–18.43) | — | |
 Liver transplant | No | 393 (78.8) | 102 (20.4) | 426 (85.4) | 66 (13.2) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.52 (0.07–4.12) | — | |
 History of VTE | No | 395 (79.2) | 101 (20.2) | 430 (86.2) | 67 (13.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.17 (0.13–10.64) | — | |
 Hepatitis B | No | 396 (79.4) | 102 (20.4) | 431 (86.4) | 67 (13.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | — | — | |
 Hepatitis C | No | 396 (79.4) | 102 (20.4) | 431 (86.4) | 67 (13.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | — | — | |
 Glomerulonephritis | No | 397 (79.6) | 101 (20.2) | 430 (86.2) | 67 (13.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2.71 (0.24–30.61) | — | |
Clinical parameters | |||||||
 Baseline SCr (µmol/L) |  < 60 | 88 (17.6) | 7 (1.4) | 111 (22.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0.18 (0.09–0.39) | — |
60 – 110 | 287 (57.6) | 74 (14.8) | 295 (59.2) | 53 (10.6) | 1.0 | — | |
 > 110 | 22 (4.4) | 21 (4.2) | 26 (5.2) | 13 (2.6) | 3.27 (2.02–5.30) | — | |
 Baseline Albumin (g/L) |  ≥ 35 | 306 (61.3) | 73 (14.6) | 338 (67.8) | 39 (7.8) | 1.0 | — |
 < 35 | 91 (18.3) | 29 (5.8) | 94 (18.8) | 28 (5.6) | 1.79 (1.25 – 2.56) | — | |
Medications used before admission | |||||||
 PPIs | No | 230 (46.1) | 51 (10.2) | 292 (58.5) | 40 (8.0) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 167 (33.5) | 51 (10.2) | 140 (28.1) | 27 (5.4) | 1.39 (0.99–1.95) | — | |
 ARBs | No | 261 (52.3) | 55 (11.0) | 411 (82.4) | 60 (12.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 136 (27.3) | 47 (9.4) | 21 (4.2) | 7 (1.4) | 1.74 (1.17–2.60) | 1.52 (0.97–2.36) | |
 Diuretics | No | 339 (67.9) | 68 (13.6) | 378 (75.8) | 54 (10.8) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 58 (11.6) | 34 (6.8) | 54 (10.8) | 13 (2.6) | 2.38 (1.61–3.53) | — | |
 ACE-Is | No | 345 (69.1) | 81 (16.2) | 414 (83.0) | 67 (13.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 52 (10.4) | 21 (4.2) | 18 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1.32 (0.78–2.25) | — | |
 NSAIDs | No | 331 (66.3) | 96 (19.2) | 412 (82.6) | 62 (12.4) | 1.0 | — |
Yes | 66 (13.2) | 6 (1.2) | 20 (4.0) | 5 (1.0) | 0.52 (0.27–1.01) | — | |
 Immunosuppressive medications | No | 391 (78.4) | 101 (20.2) | 419 (84.0) | 66 (13.2) | 1.0 | 1 |
Yes | 6 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | 13 (2.6) | 1 (0.2) | 0.55 (0.13–2.41) | 0.23 (0.05–1.03) | |