Psychological distress and associated factors among kidney transplant recipients and living kidney donors during COVID-19

Table 1 Characteristics of the respondents – overall and by participant type (recipient/donor)^a

Variables	All	Participant type		P-value^b
	All	Recipients	Donors
	(n = 497)	(n = 375)	(n = 172)
Having psychosocial disorders^c				0.67
No	426 (85.7)	277 (85.2)	149 (86.6)
Yes	71 (14.3)	48 (14.8)	23 (13.4)
Having depression^c				0.23
No	455 (91.6)	294 (90.5)	161 (93.6)
Yes	42 (8.45)	31 (9.54)	11 (6.40)
Having anxiety^c				0.98
No	451 (90.7)	295 (90.8)	156 (90.7)
Yes	46 (9.26)	30 (9.23)	16 (9.30)
Having stress^c				0.93
No	483 (97.2)	316 (97.2)	167 (97.1)
Yes	14 (2.82)	9 (2.77)	5 (2.91)
Demographic variables
Age				0.90
21–49	152 (30.8)	100 (30.8)	52 (30.2)
50 and above	345 (69.4)	225 (69.2)	120 (70.0)
Gender				0.012
Men	325 (65.4)	161 (71.2)	65 (37.8)
Ethnicity				0.23
Chinese	390 (78.5)	260 (80.0)	130 (75.6)
Malay	66 (13.3)	36 (11.1)	30 (17.4)
Indian	22 (4.43)	16 (4.92)	6 (3.49)
Others	19 (3.82)	13 (4.00)	6 (3.49)
Marital status				0.010
Married	372 (74.9)	231 (71.1)	141 (82.0)
Others	125 (25.2)	94 (28.9)	31 (18.0)
Home type				0.30
HDB/HUDC	390 (78.6)	251 (77.2)	139 (81.3)
Others	106 (21.4)	74 (22.8)	32 (18.7)
Employment status				0.12
Employed	327 (65.8)	206 (63.4)	121 (70.4)
Unemployed	170 (34.2)	119 (36.6)	51 (29.7)
Educational level				0.71
Primary and lower	74 (14.9)	47 (14.5)	27 (15.7)
Secondary and above	423 (85.1)	278 (85.5)	145 (84.3)
Religion				0.59
Buddhist	164 (33.0)	109 (33.5)	55 (32.0)
Christian	114 (22.9)	70 (21.5)	44 (25.6)
Others	219 (44.1)	146 (44.9)	73 (42.4)
Resident status in Singapore				0.18
Singapore citizen	472 (95.0)	305 (93.9)	167 (97.1)
Non-Singapore citizen	25 (5.03)	20 (6.16)	5 (2.91)

^aData are expressed as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables, and n (percentage) for categorical variables
^bP values were calculated using Student’s t-test for continuous variables, and chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables
^cPsychosocial disorder was measured using the DASS-21 – a 21-item system that provides independent measures of depression, stress, and anxiety with recommended severity thresholds
Cut-off scores > 9, > 7, and > 14 indicate a positive screen for depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Having psychosocial disorders was defined as having depression, anxiety, or stress

ISSN: 1471-2369