Table 2 Demographic characters and related risk factors of persons based on all stages of CKD

Sex

Male (%)

42.07

39.51

47.99

43.54

35.70

31.04

50.53

 < 0.001

Female (%)

57.93

60.49

52.01

56.46

64.30

68.96

49.47

Age (Years), [mean (95% CI)]

60.0

(59.5–60.5)

42.1

(41.3–42.9)

63.3

(62.4–64.2)

69.3

(68.7–69.9)

73.9

(73.2–74.6)

72.5

(70.8–74.1)

60.2

(56.8–63.5)

 < 0.001

Race/Ethnicity

Mexican American (%)

7.24

14.48

5.35

2.71

3.66

6.71

7.24

 < 0.001

Other Hispanic (%)

4.72

7.85

4.23

2.60

3.45

3.25

4.36

White (non-Hispanic) (%)

70.01

53.09

72.58

82.95

79.22

67.39

44.15

Non-Hispanic Black (%)

12.04

16.09

11.23

8.03

9.57

16.65

36.47

Other (%)

5.99

8.49

6.62

3.72

4.10

6.01

7.78

BMI (kg/m²)

29.94 ± 0.11

30.04 ± 0.23

30.18 ± 0.25

29.56 ± 0.18

30.35 ± 0.34

30.46 ± 0.54

28.58 ± 0.84

0.128

Waist circumference (cm)

102.90 ± 0.27

100.81 ± 0.56

104.67 ± 0.58

103.19 ± 0.43

104.9 ± 0.72

105.45 ± 1.21

99.83 ± 2.16

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

141.50 ± 2.57

146.71 ± 5.7

147.03 ± 4.44

133.68 ± 3.25

142.59 ± 6.53

166.97 ± 12.23

115.35 ± 9.22

0.063

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

192.60 ± 0.69

198.25 ± 1.28

192.86 ± 1.42

192.32 ± 1.23

181.91 ± 1.91

179.77 ± 3.31

181.17 ± 5.64

 < 0.001

High density lipoprotein

52.92 ± 0.27

52.85 ± 0.55

52.99 ± 0.56

53.97 ± 0.45

50.79 ± 0.69

49.8 ± 1.23

52.65 ± 1.91

0.007

Serum triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio

3.28 ± 0.10

3.65 ± 0.23

3.27 ± 0.14

2.91 ± 0.11

3.26 ± 0.21

4.08 ± 0.39

2.41 ± 0.31

0.016

Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)

92.20 ± 0.61

94.44 ± 1.07

94.1 ± 1.15

89.68 ± 1.07

89.15 ± 1.94

89.86 ± 2.64

79.88 ± 4.45

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

130.80 ± 0.33

125.82 ± 0.57

135.37 ± 0.73

131.09 ± 0.55

132.89 ± 1

137.13 ± 2.07

135.84 ± 3.57

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

68.15 ± 0.23

72.82 ± 0.39

70.06 ± 0.51

65.72 ± 0.38

61.16 ± 0.68

58.67 ± 1.41

66.62 ± 1.75

 < 0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

120.90 ± 1.12

121.08 ± 2.1

129.95 ± 2.68

115.65 ± 1.37

123.06 ± 3.16

126.82 ± 5.68

114.69 ± 6.27

 < 0.001

Plasma Insulin (uU/mL)

15.68 ± 0.60

16.6 ± 1.08

16.56 ± 0.91

14.75 ± 0.68

19.67 ± 3.46

16.2 ± 2.29

6.41 ± 0.7

0.095

HOMA-IR

5.28 ± 0.26

5.55 ± 0.43

5.71 ± 0.41

4.98 ± 0.38

7.02 ± 1.43

5.37 ± 0.8

1.77 ± 0.23

0.152

HbA1c (%)

6.14 ± 0.02

6.1 ± 0.05

6.26 ± 0.05

6.03 ± 0.03

6.28 ± 0.05

6.37 ± 0.09

6.13 ± 0.17

 < 0.001

2-h blood glucose (mg/dL)

138.6 ± 1.83

130.3 ± 3.4

147.4 ± 4.0

139.49 ± 2.7

149.75 ± 5.3

166.3 ± 11.9

160.3 ± 16.1

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

58.07

35.48

61.99

65.34

82.60

86.23

84.28

 < 0.001

Diabetes (%)

25.16

18.17

28.80

22.68

36.15

46.43

51.48

 < 0.001

Metabolic syndrome (%)

39.14

31.25

42.06

38.60

51.69

61.60

34.81

 < 0.001

Dietary pattern 1 [saturated fatty acids & MUFA] (%)

High intake

27.68

31.55

27.12

25.89

25.17

18.98

28.16

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

26.26

26.98

26.32

26.55

26.36

20.84

11.75

Low-to-middle intake

23.67

20.67

21.56

26.60

24.84

33.95

24.60

Low intake

22.39

20.80

25.00

20.95

23.63

26.23

35.50

Dietary pattern 2 [vitamins & minerals] (%)

High intake

27.58

28.78

31.57

26.70

22.51

21.18

11.48

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

24.58

24.20

24.89

25.01

23.90

27.85

15.78

Low-to-middle intake

24.41

26.37

20.35

25.24

25.38

21.71

20.31

Low intake

23.43

20.65

23.18

23.05

28.21

29.27

52.43

Dietary pattern 3 [cholesterols & PUFA] (%)

High intake

23.27

27.54

25.18

21.85

15.57

11.45

15.32

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

24.72

27.24

20.98

25.26

24.51

20.42

23.07

Low-to-middle intake

26.39

23.90

26.29

27.51

27.42

30.94

42.81

Low intake

25.63

21.32

27.55

25.39

32.51

37.20

18.80