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Table 2 Levels of urinary bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalate metabolites (uncorrected and corrected for urinary creatinine) of adolescents according to blood pressure groups

From: Association of urine phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A levels and serum electrolytes with 24-h blood pressure profile in adolescents

Parameters

 

Blood pressure groups

p

ABPM groups

 
 

Normal BP profile

WCHT

ABPM-HT

Normal day-time and night-time BP

Daytime or night-time HT

Sustained (daytime and night-time) HT

p

n

 

34

33

19

 

61

13

12

 

Total BPA

μg/g-cre

79 (46–161)

115 (68–153)

88 (49–122)

0.397

85 (53–156)

123 (82–192)

92 (44–127)

0.410

 

μg/L

125 (83–185)

142 (119–189)

169 (87–182)

0.600

128 (85–176)

160 (125–203)

165 (88–203)

0.273

Free BPA

≥DL, %

3.0

21.2

15.8

0.081

13.1

7.7

16.7

0.790

High molecular weight phthalate metabolites

MCiNP

≥DL, %

91.2a

75.8ab

57.9b

0.018

85.2a

46.2b

75.0ab

0.008

 

μg/g-cre

0.66 (0.50–1.00)

0.47 (0.05–0.85)

0.43 (<DL-1.15)

0.199

0.62 (0.42–0.91)

<DL (<DL-0.93)

0.65 (0.06–1.70)

0.176

 

μg/L

1.08 (0.70–1.49)

0.79 (0.05–1.10)

0.86 (<DL-1.83)

0.126

0.87 (0.43–1.41)

<DL (<DL-0.97)

1.09 (0.19–2.04)

0.115

 

≥0.9 μg/L

58.8

36.4

47.4

0.184

49.2

30.8

58.3

0.351

MCPP

≥DL, %

70.6

87.9

84.2

0.183

77.0

92.3

83.3

0.437

 

μg/g-cre

0.55 (<DL-0.84)

0.30 (0.17–0.57)

0.25 (0.11–0.40)

0.223

0.34 (0.12–0.73)

0.35 (0.21–0.53)

0.31 (0.11–0.83)

0.993

 

μg/L

0.72 (<DL-1.22)

0.35(0.26–0.63)

0.32 (0.26–0.70)

0.150

0.49 (0.24–1.14)

0.43 (0.29–0.65)

0.61 (0.29–1.30)

0.608

 

≥0.5 μg/L

70.6a

36.4b

36.8b

0.009

49.2

46.2

58.3

0.808

MCiOP

μg/g-cre

1.8 (1.1–3.2)

2.0 (1.1–3.1)

1.4 (0.8–3.7)

0.776

1.8 (1.1–2.9)

2.0 (1.0–3.4)

1.7 (0.8–6.0)

0.953

 

μg/L

2.5 (1.7–4.7)

2.5 (1.2–4.5)

2.4 (1.5–4.7)

0.860

2.4 (1.5–4.2)

2.9 (1.4–4.7)

3.2 (1.7–7.6)

0.667

MiNP

≥DL, %

14.7

9.1

10.5

0.752

14.8

0.0

8.3

0.299

MEHP

≥DL, %

100.0

97.0

94.7

0.449

98.4

100.0

91.7

0.310

 

μg/g-cre

4.7 (2.4–8.0)

4.4 (2.4–8.6)

3.9 (2.5–6.5)

0.732

4.3 (2.4–8.2)

4.9 (3.1–6.3)

3.5 (2.5–6.6)

0.758

 

μg/L

5.7 (3.8–11.2)

6.1 (4.0–8.8)

5.8 (2.9–9.8)

0.747

6.1 (3.6–9.3)

5.8 (4.1–7.5)

5.7 (3.1–11.5)

0.831

MEHHP

μg/g-cre

35.4 (22.2–53.2)

40.5 (22.4–68.2)

42.5 (20.4–53.0)

0.568

35.8 (21.4–52.4)

47.1 (31.4–64.6)

47.0 (22.5–58.5)

0.265

 

μg/L

45.9 (31.0–71.1)

55.7 (31.8–90.5)

56.1 (28.0–92.6)

0.740

46.2 (28.4–72.4)

59.5 (32.6–99.3)

79.7 (32.2–101.5)

0.168

 

≥50 μg/L

44.1

60.6

52.6

0.401

45.9

69.2

66.7

0.175

MECPP

μg/g-cre

9.6 (6.4–15.1)

11.2 (6.6–20.0)

11.4 (5.4–19.3)

0.582

9.9 (6.4–16.2)

12.0 (5.4–17.9)

15.5 (5.7–24.1)

0.650

 

μg/L

14.9 (9.5–19.3)

17.6 (7.3_25.6)

12.1 (8.1–29.8)

0.905

15.0 (8.3–21.6)

16.3 (8.4–22.5)

25.5 (9.1–35.1)

0.287

MEOHP

μg/g-cre

8.0 (6.0–12.6)

8.2 (5.2–11.2)

9.3 (2.4–10.4)

0.712

7.8 (5.3–11.4)

9.3 (5.9–10.3)

9.9 (3.1–16.1)

0.808

 

μg/L

11.3 (9.2–17.3)

10.7 (5.7–16.0)

7.6 (3.9–18.9)

0.334

10.6 (6.7–16.2)

10.7 (7.4–17.4)

12.7 (4.6–33.6)

0.759

MCMHP

μg/g-cre

4.5 (3.0–6.2)

4.1 (2.4–7.4)

3.6 (2.4–6.4)

0.526

4.4 (2.8–6.4)

4.0 (2.8–7.0)

4.7 (2.5–8.1)

0.919

 

μg/L

6.3 (4.7–9.6)

6.2 (3.4–9.4)

5.5 (2.5–9.3)

0.513

6.0 (3.9–8.1)

5.7 (3.3–9.4)

8.8 (3.9–13.1)

0.491

ΣDEHP metabolites

μg/g-cre

69 (43–98)

69 (50–116)

77 (34–102)

0.758

69 (43–96)

92 (56–111)

83 (37–112)

0.509

 

μg/L

87 (61–124)

102 (60–154)

90 (50–171)

0.817

89 (59–133)

102 (64–157)

138 (55–191)

0.336

Primary/secondary DEHP

ratio

8.1 (4.7–11.7)

6.7 (4.6–10.4)

6.7 (4.6–8.0)

0.472

7.6 (4.7–11.9)

6.7 (4.4–8.3)

5.2 (4.3–7.7)

0.118

 

≥6.9

58.8

45.5

42.1

0.406

55.7

46.2

25.0

0.144

Low molecular weight phthalate metabolites

MBzP

≥DL, %

5.9a

33.3b

42.1b

0.004

14.8a

46.2b

50.0b

0.005

MnBP

μg/g-cre

15.6 (11.5–21.9)

12.1 (7.7–21.7)

15.0 (8.4–25.3)

0.218

13.4 (10.0–21.2)

18.0 (11.2–26.7)

13.3 (7.5–31.2)

0.748

 

μg/L

26.4 (18.7–32.8)a

15.1 (11.1–20.5)b

20.6 (15.7–36.4)ab

0.003

20.0 (13.9–29.2)

18.8 (15.0–35.3)

22.1 (5.9–48.4)

0.488

 

≥20 μg/L, %

70.6a

27.3b

52.6ab

0.002

49.2

46.2

58.3

0.808

MiBP

μg/g-cre

15.6 (10.6–25.8)

13.2 (9.5–22.1)

16.8 (8.9–27.7)

0.733

14.9 (10.2–23.4)

14.1 (12.4–27.2)

15.6 (9.8–32.9)

0.777

 

μg/L

25.4 (17.5–35.1)a

16.1 (14.1–21.6)b

20.9 (17.5–49.3)ab

0.012

19.9 (15.5–30.5)

21.0 (15.9–34.4)

25.5 (18.3–51.4)

0.190

 

> 20 μg/L, %

70.6a

30.3b

57.9ab

0.004

49.2

61.5

58.3

0.651

ΣDBP metabolites

μg/g-cre

31 (23–47)

26 (18–43)

32 (18–53)

0.442

28 (20–46)

37 (24–52)

29 (17–64)

0.731

 

μg/L

52 (36–66)a

31 (27–41)b

46 (35–84)ab

0.004

40 (29–59)

40 (31–65)

48 (35–99)

0.328

 

≥40 μg/L, %

73.5a

30.3b

52.6ab

0.002

50.8

53.8

58.3

0:886

MEP

≥DL, %

97.1

93.9

94.7

0.824

95.1

92.3

100

0.648

 

μg/g-cre

12.6 (5.5–40.9)

10.4 (3.2–31.5)

23.0 (6.1–85.8)

0.223

9.3 (4.3–31.5)

23.1 (10.5–114.1)

24.2 (6.4–80.1)

0.060

 

μg/L

21.8 (9.0–43.5)

16.2 (3.9–38.6)

35.7 (12.5–123.6)

0.122

16.2 (6.3–37.9)a

27.2 (13.9–118.2)ab

44.2 (13.1–131.3)b

0.036

 

≥20 μg/L, %

55.9

39.4

63.2

0.199

45.9

61.5

66.7

0.303

MMP

≥DL, %

88.2

87.9

94.7

0.702

86.9

100.0

91.7

0.362

 

μg/g-cre

2.5 (1.4–4.8)

1.1 (0.3–4.2)

1.5 (0.5–6.1)

0.209

1.8 (0.5–4.8)

2.4 (1.1–4.7)

1.5 (0.6–7.8)

0.785

 

μg/L

3.6 (1.7–6.9)

1.5 (0.4–5.4)

2.7 (1.1–8.4)

0.118

2.4 (1.0–6.4)

2.8 (1.0–6.8)

2.4 (1.2–11.5)

0.892

 

≥2.6 μg/L, %

61.8

36.4

52.6

0.111

47.5

61.5

50.0

0.657

  1. abValues having different letter were statistically significant
  2. Data are presented as median (Q1-Q3), %
  3. ABPM ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, BP blood pressure, BPA bisphenol A, cre creatinine, DL detectable level, HT hypertension, WCHT white coat hypertension, MnBP mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP mono-benzyl phthalate, MCiNP monocarboxy isononyl phthalate, MCiOP mono carboxy isooctyl phthalate, MCMHP mono 2-carboxymethylhexyl phthalate, MCPP mono 3-carboxypropyl phthalate, MECPP mono 2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate, MEHHP mono 2-ethyl 5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate, MEHP mono 2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid, MEOHP mono 2-ethyl-5-oxy-hexyl phthalate, MEP monoethyl phthalate, MiBP monoisobutyl phthalate, MiNP monoisononyl phthalate, MMP monomethyl phthalate, ΣDBP metabolites sum of dibutyl phthalate metabolites, ΣDEHP metabolites sum of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites