Table 1 Characteristics of patient, medication, and procedure-related factors in patients with and without AKI after abdominal surgery
Factors | All patients (n = 573) | AKI (n = 33; 5.76%) | non-AKI (n = 540; 94.24%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Preoperative clinical characteristics | ||||
Male, n(%) | 297(51.83%) | 11 (33.33%) | 286 (52.96%) | 0.032 |
Age ± SD, years | 81.30 ± 4.433 | 83.12 ± 4.574 | 80.66 ± 4.109 | 0.001 |
Body mass index ± SD(kg/m2) | 23.50 ± 3.608 | 23.13 ± 3.806 | 23.53 ± 3.601 | 0.537 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 359(62.65%) | 19 (57.58%) | 340 (62.96%) | 0.535 |
Diabetes mellitus, n(%) | 131(22.86%) | 9 (27.27%) | 122 (22.59%) | 0.535 |
Ischemic heart diseases, n(%) | 128(22.34%) | 8 (24.24%) | 120 (22.22%) | 0.787 |
Congestive heart failure, n(%) | 20(3.49%) | 2 (6.06%) | 18 (3.33%) | 0.734 |
Cerebrovascular diseases, n(%) | 98(17.10%) | 5 (15.15%) | 93 (17.22%) | 0.759 |
COPD, n(%) | 12(2.09%) | 2 (6.06%) | 10 (1.85%) | 0.311 |
Solid malignancy, n(%) | 234(40.84%) | 11 (33.33%) | 223 (41.30%) | 0.366 |
Hematological malignancy, n(%) | 2(0.35%) | 0 | 2 (0.37%) | 1.000 |
Preoperative laboratory test | ||||
Serum hemoglobin (g/L) | 119.59 ± 18.549 | 115.44 ± 21.437 | 119.84 ± 18.372 | 0.193 |
Serum albumin (g/L) | 35.32 ± 4.707 | 32.12 ± 4.742 | 35.51 ± 4.643 | < 0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase (u/L) | 39.07 ± 75.260 | 73.45 ± 86.665 | 36.95 ± 74.142 | 0.024 |
Aspartate aminotransferase(u/L) | 44.75 ± 86.239 | 83.45 ± 106.515 | 42.36 ± 84.451 | 0.037 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.66 ± 26.686 | 63.69 ± 23.753 | 95.47 ± 381.386 | 0.633 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) < 60 | 76(13.26%) | 15(45.45%) | 61(11.30%) | < 0.001 |
ASA score | 2.89 ± .522 | 3.18 ± 0.635 | 2.87 ± 0.510 | 0.001 |
ASA score > 3, n(%) | 45(7.85%) | 8(24.24%) | 37(6.85%) | < 0.001 |
Charlson score | 6.31 ± .023 | 7.15 ± 2.694 | 6.26 ± 1.969 | 0.071 |
Charlson score > 7, n(%) | 222(38.74%) | 15 (45.45%) | 207 (38.33%) | 0.415 |
RCRI score | 0.53 ± 0.672 | 0.85 ± 0.755 | 0.51 ± 0.663 | 0.005 |
Non-renal RCRI score | 0.52 ± 0.665 | 0.76 ± 0.751 | 0.50 ± 0.657 | 0.033 |
Surgical approach | 0.213 | |||
Laparoscopic, n(%) | 139(24.26%) | 11 (7.91%) | 128 (92.09%) | |
Laparotomy, n(%) | 434(75.74%) | 22 (5.07%) | 412 (94.93%) | |
Operative site | 0.817 | |||
Colorectal, n(%) | 151(26.35%) | 8 (24.24%) | 143 (26.48%) | |
Gastric, n(%) | 30(5.24%) | 3 (9.09%) | 27 (5%) | |
Hepato-biliary-pancreatic, n(%) | 274(47.82%) | 15 (45.45%) | 259 (47.96%) | |
Small bowel, n(%) | 118(20.59%) | 7 (21.21%) | 111 (20.56%) | |
Intraoperative characteristics | ||||
Duration of anesthesia (min) | 200.28 ± 113.031 | 202.97 ± 81.471 | 200.12 ± 114.836 | 0.850 |
Operative time (min) | 142.94 ± 100.231 | 141.52 ± 77.704 | 143.03 ± 101.594 | 0.933 |
IOH, n(%) | 116(20.24%) | 16 (48.48%) | 100 (18.52%) | < 0.001 |
Amount of crystalloids use (L) | 337.70 ± 340.428 | 378.79 ± 395.883 | 335.19 ± 337.324 | 0.476 |
Blood loss (mL) | 68.52 ± 162.091 | 48.45 ± 5.242 | 69.74 ± 166.503 | 0.465 |
Vasoactive drug use, n(%) | 472(82.37%) | 26 (78.79%) | 446 (82.59%) | 0.578 |
Usage of nephrotoxic drugs | ||||
Hydroxyethyl starch, n(%) | 210(36.65%) | 5 (15.15%) | 205 (37.96%) | 0.008 |
NSAID, n(%) | 75(13.09%) | 2 (6.06%) | 73 (13.52%) | 0.333 |
Hydroxyethyl starch + NSAID, n(%) | 101(17.63%) | 12 (36.36%) | 89 (16.48%) | 0.004 |
Hydroxyethyl starch + furosemide, n(%) | 13(2.27%) | 5 (15.15%) | 8 (1.48%) | < 0.001 |