Table 2 Baseline clinical, anthropometry and biochemical characteristics of the study participants according to phenotype obesity (n = 9,762)
Characteristic | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | P value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MHNO (n = 4,717) | MHO (n = 1,302) | MUNO (n = 2,438) | MUO (n = 1,305) | ||
Mean ± SD / n (%) | |||||
Age (year) | 46.16 ± 8.21 | 45.70 ± 7.44 | 49.68 ± 8.41 | 48.76 ± 7.78 | < 0.001 |
Sex: | |||||
Male | 2584 (54.97) | 345 (7.34) | 1334 (28.38) | 438 (9.32) | < 0.001 |
Female | 2133 (42.15) | 957 (18.91) | 1104 (21.81) | 867 (17.13) | |
SES: | |||||
Low | 1594 (33.81) | 404 (31.03) | 786 (32.27) | 438 (33.56) | 0.012 |
Moderate | 1541 (32.68) | 455 (34.95) | 792 (32.51) | 477 (36.55) | |
High | 1580 (33.51) | 443 (34.02) | 858 (35.22) | 390 (29.89) | |
PA: | |||||
Low | 1263 (26.78) | 398 (30.57) | 823 (33.76) | 472 (36.17) | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 2137 (45.30) | 703 (53.99) | 1118 (45.86) | 666 (51.03) | |
High | 1317 (27.92) | 201 (15.44) | 497 (20.39) | 167 (12.80) | |
Current smoker | 651 (13.87) | 65 (5.01) | 325 (13.40) | 97 (7.48) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol use | 249 (5.28) | 36 (2.76) | 142 (5.82) | 51 (3.91) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 1186 (25.14) | 323 (24.81) | 1912 (78.42) | 911 (69.81) | < 0.001 |
T2DM | 84 (1.780) | 34 (2.61) | 445 (18.25) | 282 (21.61) | < 0.001 |
CVD | 298 (6.32) | 131 (10.06) | 755 (30.97) | 474 (36.32) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 263 (5.58) | 76 (5.84) | 739 (30.31) | 464 (35.56) | < 0.001 |
Kidney stone | 830 (17.60) | 212 (16.28) | 485 (19.89) | 262 (20.08) | 0.007 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.83 ± 3.15 | 33.10 ± 3.02 | 26.45 ± 2.41 | 33.38 ± 3.27 | < 0.001 |
WHR | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
Muscle strength (kg) | 32.49 ± 11.30 | 30.24 ± 11.01 | 31.95 ± 11.52 | 30.30 ± 10.83 | < 0.001 |
BFM (kg) | 19.87 ± 6.64 | 36.47 ± 6.77 | 22.80 ± 5.34 | 36.55 ± 7.39 | < 0.001 |
FFM (kg) | 46.87 ± 9.20 | 48.53 ± 9.29 | 48.23 ± 9.44 | 50.17 ± 10.22 | < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dl) | 13.77 ± 4.10 | 12.83 ± 3.91 | 14.00 ± 4.5 | 13.15 ± 4.12 | < 0.001 |
Cr (mg/dl) | 1.00 ± 0.21 | 0.94 ± 0.17 | 1.02 ± 0.26 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 77.40 ± 14.01 | 76.44 ± 13.38 | 74.97 ± 14.13 | 73.88 ± 13.83 | < 0.001 |
AST (mg/dl) | 21.32 ± 8.90 | 20.80 ± 11.10 | 21.84 ± 8.34 | 21.58 ± 8.66 | 0.006 |
ALT (mg/dl) | 23.10 ± 13.46 | 24.91 ± 16.40 | 27.11 ± 15.50 | 27.46 ± 15.33 | < 0.001 |
GGT (mg/dl) | 21.79 ± 17.35 | 23.92 ± 18.75 | 28.59 ± 23.16 | 28.92 ± 20.85 | < 0.001 |
Energy intake (Kcal/day) | 2684.44 ± 658.51 | 2672.25 ± 947.10 | 2589.10 ± 945.34 | 26.30 ± 955.28 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (%E) | 61.37 ± 0.10 | 61.22 ± 0.17 | 61.34 ± 0.12 | 61.59 ± 0.17 | 0.534 |
Protein (%E) | 13.67 ± 0.03 | 13.53 ± 0.06 | 14.04 ± 0.04 | 13.92 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
Lipid (%E) | 26.84 ± 0.10 | 27.42 ± 0.16 | 26.56 ± 0.12 | 26.60 ± 0.16 | 0.002 |
Sodium intake (g/day) | 4.81 ± 0.01 | 4.97 ± 0.04 | 4.89 ± 0.03 | 4.93 ± 0.04 | 0.008 |