Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants according to quintiles (Q) of the empirical lifestyle index for insulin resistance

Age (years)

40.0 ± 13.4

38.4 ± 12.8

36.9 ± 12.5

37.7 ± 12.3

36.5 ± 12.6

< 0.001

Men (%)

37.8

40.2

42.8

48.3

60.0

< 0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.9 ± 4.1

27.0 ± 4.7

26.7 ± 4.8

27.2 ± 4.8

27.8 ± 5.0

< 0.001

Smoking (%)

10.3

10.5

11.6

13.2

16.2

< 0.001

Physical activity (MET/hour/week)

63.5 (20.8–105.7)

62.5 (22.2–102.7)

63.1 (23.6–105.9)

68.6 (26.9–107.8)

71.4 (27.7–108.3)

0.001

Academic education, (%)

23.1

22.7

27.2

23.1

24.5

0.078

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.00 ± 0.14

1.01 ± 0.14

1.02 ± 0.14

1.03 ± 0.15

1.06 ± 0.14

< 0.001

Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)

78.4 ± 12.6

79.2 ± 12.5

80.4 ± 12.3

79.7 ± 12.1

81.1 ± 12.2

< 0.001

Hypertension (%)

8.2

10.2

8.6

9.4

10.7

0.227

Diabetes (%)

4.6

4.3

4.0

4.1

4.1

0.933

Empirical dietary index for insulin resistance

0.37 ± 0.23

0.58 ± 0.27

0.71 ± 0.28

0.89 ± 0.30

1.38 ± 0.47

< 0.001

Empirical lifestyle index for insulin resistance

2.31 ± 0.34

3.20 ± 0.24

4.17 ± 0.32

5.43 ± 0.42

8.88 ± 2.62

< 0.001

Nutrient Intake

< 0.001

 Energy(Kcal/d)

1984 ± 634

2239 ± 666

2307 ± 687

2431 ± 664

2801 ± 670

< 0.001

 Carbohydrate(% of energy)

57.3 ± 7.4

57.9 ± 6.8

57.4 ± 6.5

58.7 ± 11.9

59.8 ± 6.4

< 0.001

 Protein(% of energy)

15.5 ± 3.7

14.9 ± 3.6

14.4 ± 2.8

14.3 ± 11.4

13.2 ± 2.1

< 0.001

 Fat(% of energy)

31.4 ± 6.9

30.7 ± 6.4

31.3 ± 6.3

31.0 ± 6.0

28.9 ± 6.4

< 0.001

 Refined grains(serving/d)

1.31 (0.96–1.61)

2.30 (1.92–2.68)

3.59 (3.20–4.03)

5.17 (4.73–5.72)

8.62 (7.32–11.01)

< 0.001

 Red meat (serving/week)

0.21 (0.28–0.84)

0.56 (0.35–0.98)

0.70 (0.35–1.26)

0.77 (0.42–1.26)

0.84 (0.56–1.47)

< 0.001

 Tomatoes(serving/d)

0.47 (0.31–1.11)

0.63 (0.31–1.11)

0.63 (0.31–1.11)

0.63 (0.31–1.11)

0.63 (0.31–1.11)

< 0.001

 Fruit juice(serving/d)

0.03 (0.00–0.09)

0.04 (0.01–0.10)

0.04 (0.01–0.10)

0.04 (0.01–0.10)

0.04 (0.01–0.11)

0.644

 Potatoes(serving/d)

0.06 (0.01–0.09)

0.06 (0.02–0.12)

0.06 (0.02–0.12)

0.06 (0.03–0.12)

0.06 (0.04–0.15)

< 0.001

 Processed meat(serving/week)

0.06 (0.01–0.14)

0.10 (0.02–0.24)

0.13 (0.04–0.30)

0.13 (0.05–0.32)

0.16 (0.08–0.42)

< 0.001

 Other vegetables(serving/d)

1.70 (1.01–3.12)

2.00 (1.28–2.97)

1.91 (1.15–2.87)

1.91 (1.10–3.12)

1.84 (1.08–2.74)

0.079

 Tea(serving/d)

2.08 (1.04–3.12)

2.08 (1.04–3.12)

2.08 (1.04–3.12)

2.08 (1.04–3.12)

2.08 (1.04–3.12)

< 0.001

 Coffee(serving/week)

0.01 (0.00–0.13)

0.02 (0.00–0.13)

0.03 (0.00–0.24)

0.02 (0.00–0.24)

0.03 (0.00–0.25)

0.600

 High-fat dairy products(serving/d)

1.27 (0.85–1.97)

1.19 (0.78–1.88)

1.18 (0.72–1.91)

1.14 (0.72–1.85)

1.10 (0.66–1.61)

< 0.001

 Green leafy vegetables(serving/d)

0.33 (0.15–0.63)

0.34 (0.17–0.64)

0.29 (0.14–0.56)

0.27 (0.13–0.52)

0.24 (0.11–0.48)

< 0.001