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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population overall, and stratified by kidney function measured as eGFR and uACR

From: Kidney dysfunction: prevalence and associated risk factors in a community-based study from the North West Province of South Africa

 

Overall study population

(n = 1999)

(eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73m2 and uACR < 3.0 mg/mmol)

(n = 1344)

(eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73m2 and/or uACR ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol)

(n = 655)

P*

 

Age, years

48 (42;56)

47 (41;55)

51 (44;60)

< 0.001

 

Sex, men

743/1999 (37.2)

604/1343 (45.0)

139/656 (21.2)

< 0.001

 

Locality, rural

1004/1999 (50.2)

680/1343 (50.6)

324/656 (49.4)

0.60

 

Body composition

 

BMI, kg/m2

24.7 (19.3;28.8)

22.2 (19.0;27.9)

24.5 (20.4;30.2)

< 0.001

 

WC, cm

77.5 (70.2;87.6)

76.3 (69.9;86.6)

79.6 (70.9;89.8)

0.001

 

Cardiovascular measurements

 

SBP, mmHg

129 (116;146)

128 (115;143)

133 (117;152)

< 0.001

 

DBP, mmHg

87 (78;97)

86 (77;95)

89.0 (80;100)

< 0.001

 

MAP, mmHg

101 (91;113)

100 (90;111)

104 (93;118)

< 0.001

 

HT status, n/total (%)

944/1984 (47.6)

587/1334 (56.0)

293/650 (45.1)

< 0.001

 

Biochemical measurements

 

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2

101 (87;111)

107 (100;114)

81.3 (70;90)

< 0.001

 

uACR, mg/mmol

0.59 (0.29;1.46)

0.50 (0.27;1.02)

1.07 (0.36;4.65)

< 0.001

 

UMOD, µg/ml

36.9 (17.0;66.9)

37.7 (18.0;68.1)

35.3 (14.7;62.7)

0.035

 

Glucose, mmol/l

4.80 (4.30;5.30)

4.80 (4.30;5.30)

4.80 (4.38;5.30)

0.14

 

HbA1c, %

5.50 (5.20;5.80)

5.50 (5.20;5.80)

5.60 (5.30;5.90)

0.002

 

Diabetes status, n/total (%)

62/1826 (3.2)

36/1216 (3.0)

26/610 (4.3)

0.15

 

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.82 (4.00;5.87)

4.71 (3.89;5.73)

5.06 (4.22;6.23)

< 0.001

 

LDLC, mmol/L

2.78 (2.07;3.64)

2.71 (2.02;3.50)

2.92 (2.21;3.93)

< 0.001

 

HDLC, mmol/L

1.42 (1.06;1.87)

1.38 (1.03;1.86)

1.45 (1.12;1.89)

< 0.001

 

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.08 (0.81;1.55)

1.05 (0.80;1.49)

1.14 (0.84;1.66)

0.022

 

C-reactive protein, mg/L

3.38 (1.01;9.35)

3.04 (0.86;8.74)

4.13 (1.33;12.0)

0.024

 

GGT, U/L

46.0 (29.7;88.0)

46.4 (29.6;88.0)

45.1 (29.9;85.1)

0.61

HIV status, n/total (%)

318/1988 (16.0)

202/1336 (15.1)

116/652 (17.8)

0.13

 

Lifestyle factors

 

Alcohol intake, n/total (%)

873/1986 (44.0)

614/1338 (45.9)

259/648 (40.0)

0.013

 

Tobacco use, n/total (%)

1111/1989 (55.9)

771/1338 (57.6)

340/651 (52.2)

0.023

 

Medication use

 

HT medication, n/total (%)

335/1999 (16.8)

186/1343 (13.8)

149/656 (22.7)

< 0.001

 
  1. Abbreviations: BMI – body mass index; WC – waist circumference; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; MAP – mean arterial pressure; HT – hypertension; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; uACR – urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HbA1c – haemoglobin A1c; LDLC – low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLC – high density lipoprotein; GGT – gamma-glutamyl transferase; HIV – human immunodeficiency virus; HT – hypertension. P value for comparing between kidney function groups. Continuous variables expressed as median (25th to 75th percentile); proportions expressed as number of participants (n/total) and percent (%). GFR estimated using the CKD-EPI (creatinine) 2009 equation without correction for race
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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