Table 1 Characteristics of the study population stratified according to kidney function (based on eGFR levels)

N

956

239

239

239

239

Age (years)

24.5 ± 3.12

25.5 ± 2.78^bc

25.4 ± 2.99^de

23.6 ± 2.90^bd

23.4 ± 3.17^ce

< 0.001

Ethnicity (black, %)

472 (49.4)

88 (36.8)

129 (54.0)

134 (56.1)

121 (50.6)

< 0.001

Sex (women, %)

476 (49.8)

129 (54.0)

120 (50.2)

127 (53.1)

100 (41.8)

0.007

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 5.50

25.6 ± 4.88

25.6 ± 6.64

25.0 ± 6.15

24.1 ± 5.19

0.055

Waist circumference (cm)

80.5 ± 12.5

81.6 ± 12.1

81.6 ± 13.1

79.7 ± 13.2

79.1 ± 11.1

0.291

Waist-to-height ratio

0.48 ± 0.07

0.48 ± 0.07

0.49 ± 0.07^e

0.48 ± 0.08

0.47 ± 0.06^e

0.512

Blood pressure measurements

24 h SBP (mmHg)

117 ± 9.58

117 ± 9.88

117 ± 9.56

116 ± 9.63

118 ± 9.28

0.648

24 h DBP (mmHg)

69 ± 5.96

69 ± 6.12

69 ± 5.91

68 ± 5.91

68 ± 5.87

0.515

24 h PP (mmHg)

49 ± 7.24

48 ± 7.60

48 ± 6.62

48 ± 7.63

49 ± 7.05

0.264

Office SBP (mmHg)

123 ± 10.5

124 ± 11.4

123 ± 11.1

122 ± 9.55

122 ± 9.58

0.181

Office DBP (mmHg)

73 ± 7.87

74 ± 8.49

74 ± 7.89

74 ± 7.41

72 ± 7.65

0.653

Office PP (mmHg)

49 ± 7.82

50 ± 8.51

49 ± 7.35

48 ± 7.54

49 ± 7.81

0.226

Biochemical markers

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.46 (1.95; 5.78)

4.36 (2.87; 6.11)^abc

3.91 (2.65; 5.82)^ade

3.33 (2.11; 5.54)^bdf

2.53 (1.59; 4.02)^cef

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.04 (0.55; 1.87)

1.31 (0.80; 2.24)^abc

1.13 (0.65; 1.84) ^ade

1.00 (0.54; 1.71)^bdf

0.80 (0.50; 1.41)^cef

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

2.19 (1.04; 4.18)

2.69 (1.46; 4.51)^bc

2.53 (1.45; 4.16)^de

2.18 (1.11; 4.11)^bdf

1.55 (0.82; 2.88)^cef

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.70 (0.30; 1.82)

0.88 (0.46; 1.93)^bc

0.83 (0.35; 2.45)^de

0.66 (0.32; 1.62)^bdf

0.50 (0.26; 1.09)^cef

< 0.001

Triglyceride-to-HDL-C ratio

0.67 (0.28; 2.09)

0.67 (0.29; 1.90)

0.73 (0.27; 3.27)^e

0.66 (0.29; 2.09)

0.63 (0.26; 1.76)^e

0.264

HbA1c (%)

5.31 ± 0.32

5.32 ± 0.27

5.36 ± 0.31^e

5.30 ± 0.33

5.26 ± 0.33^e

0.198

 C-reactive protein (mg/l)

0.83 (0.07; 9.28)

0.97 (0.08; 10.9)^c

0.97 (0.13; 8.74)^e

0.98 (0.10; 10.2)^f

0.53 (0.04; 9.31)^cef

< 0.001

GGT(U/l)

17.8 (5.80; 54.7)

21.3 (9.00; 54.7)^bc

21.8 (7.80; 66.1)^de

17.1 (5.70; 52.4)^bdf

12.5 (4.80; 42.5)^cef

< 0.001

Cotinine (ng/ml)

3.63 (1.00; 327)

2.74 (1; 291)

4.40 (1.00; 384)

3.92 (1.00; 310)

3.73 (1.00; 339)

0.676

Creatinine (µmol/l)

65.5 ± 17.6

85.6 ± 14.5 ^abc

69.9 ± 9.06 ^ade

59.8 ± 8.27 ^bdf

46.8 ± 8.85 ^cef

< 0.001

Kidney function markers

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m²)

143 ± 21.9

113 ± 13.4 ^abc

141 ± 1.49 ^ade

151 ± 2.92 ^bdf

169 ± 9.31 ^cef

< 0.001

Urinary albumin (mg/L)^#

5.43 (5.21; 5.65)

5.31 (4.90; 5.75)

5.30 (4.89; 5.74)

5.40 (4.98; 5.85)

5.71 (5.27; 6.18)

0.706

UMOD (mg/creat)

40.9 (18.9; 81.3)

39.3 (15.6; 84.5)

42.0 (20.0; 86.4)

38.8 (14.6; 82.1)

43.5 (23.7; 79.8)

0.071

CKD273 classifier

-0.55 ± 0.39

− 0.45 ± 0.36^bc

-0.46 ± 0.39^de

-0.58 ± 0.40^bdf

− 0.72 ± 0.36^cef

< 0.001

Lifestyle factors

SES score

20.5 ± 6.03

22.9 ± 5.96^abc

20.8 ± 6.50^ad

19.0 ± 5.40^bd

19.4 ± 5.44^c

< 0.001

SR smoking, n (%)

233 (24.4)

44 (18.4)

66 (27.6)

59 (24.7)

64 (26.9)

0.136

SR alcohol use, n (%)

515 (54.2)

127 (53.6)

130 (54.9)

131 (54.8)

127 (53.6)

0.999

TEE (kCal/kg/day)

32.7 ± 9.18

31.1 ± 4.46^bc

33.3 ± 16.9

32.9 ± 4.22^b

33.5 ± 4.75^c

< 0.001