Pattern, frequency and factors associated with inappropriate high dosing in chronic kidney disease patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Table 4 Factors associated with receiving inappropriate high doses

Variables	Inappropriate high dose Frequency (%)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Variables	Inappropriate high dose Frequency (%)	OR (95%CI)	p-value	OR (95%CI)	p-value
Gender
Male	96 (56.1)	Referent
Female	66 (50.1)	0.78 (0.49–1.23)	0.288	-	-
Age (years)
≤ 40	9 (14.3)	Referent
41–60	105 (61.4)	9.54 (4.42–20.61)	< 0.001	5.76 (2.46–13.50)	< 0.001
> 60	48 (69.6)	13.71 (5.73–32.81)	< 0.001	9.49 (2.87–21.56)	< 0.001
Weight (kilogram)
41–60	6 (22.2)	Referent
61–80	60 (55.6)	4.37 (1.64–11.70)	0.003	2.75 (0.84–8.93)	0.093
> 80	96 (57.1)	4.67 (1.79–12.16)	0.002	2.82 (0.87–9.12)	0.083
CKD stage
3	6 (40.0)	Referent
4	45 (42.9)	1.12 (0.37–3.39)	0.834	0.37 (0.07–1.89)	0.230
5	111 (60.7)	2.31 (0.79–6.77)	0.126	1.24 (0.26–5.96)	0.790
Hypertension
No	18 (37.5)	Referent
Yes	144 (56.5)	2.16 (1.15–4.08)	0.017	2.68 (1.24–5.80)	0.012
Anemia
No	24 (36.4)	Referent
Yes	138 (58.2)	2.44 (1.39–4.29)	0.002	1.90 (0.95–3.78)	0.067
Diabetes mellitus
No	63 (36.8)	Referent
Yes	99 (75.0)	5.14 (3.11–8.49)	< 0.001	3.47 (1.91–6.32)	< 0.001
Cardiovascular disease
No	108 (48.0)	Referent
Yes	54 (96.2)	2.44 (1.41–4.21)	0.001	2.82 (1.40–5.67)	0.004
Other comorbidities
No	156(54.2)	Referent
Yes	6 (40.0)	0.56 (0.20–1.63)	0.289	-	-

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