Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of HD patients by vital status for 1 and 3-year mortality and unadjusted cause-specific HR.

Period

 2008–2010

294

31.9

2,023

33.3

ref

739

32.8

1,578

33.3

ref

 2011–2013

305

33.0

1,990

32.8

1.05

0.90

1.23

750

33.3

1,545

32.6

1.01

0.92

1.12

 2014–2016

324

35.1

2,061

33.9

1.07

0.92

1.26

764

33.9

1,621

34.2

0.99

0.89

1.09

Gender

 Male

575

62.3

3,940

64.9

1,466

65.1

3,049

64.3

ref

 Female

348

37.7

2,134

35.1

1.11

0.97

1.27

787

34.9

1,695

35.7

0.98

0.90

1.07

Age (years)

 < 65

149

16.1

2,222

36.6

ref

366

16.3

2,005

42.3

ref

 ≥ 65

774

83.9

3,852

63.4

2.78

2.33

3.31

1,887

83.8

2,739

57.7

2.95

2.64

3.30

Site of birth

 Italy

900

97.5

5,514

90.8

3.75

2.48

5.66

2,179

96.7

4,235

89.3

3.06

2.42

3.85

 Other countries

23

2.5

560

9.2

ref

74

3.3

509

10.7

ref

Residence

 Rome Municipality

414

44.9

3,100

51.0

ref

1,043

46.3

2,471

52.1

ref

 Rome Province

246

26.7

1,425

23.5

1.27

1.09

1.49

582

25.8

1,089

23.0

1.22

1.10

1.35

 Other Lazio’s municipalities

263

28.5

1,549

25.5

1.25

1.07

1.45

628

27.9

1,184

25.0

1.20

1.08

1.32

Educational level

 Up to Middle School

681

73.8

3,965

65.3

1.45

1.25

1.68

1,636

72.6

3,010

63.5

1.39

1.26

1.52

 High School or more

242

26.2

2,109

34.7

ref

617

27.4

1,734

36.6

ref

Body Mass Index (Kg/m ² )

 Underweight (BMI < 18.0)

83

9.0

268

4.4

1.76

1.39

2.21

152

6.8

199

4.2

1.44

1.22

1.70

 Normal weight (18.0 ≤ BMI < 25.0)

505

54.7

3,055

50.3

ref

1,186

52.6

2,374

50.0

ref

 Overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0)

249

27.0

1,845

30.4

0.82

0.71

0.96

646

28.7

1,448

30.5

0.89

0.81

0.98

 Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0)

86

9.3

906

14.9

0.59

0.47

0.74

269

11.9

723

15.2

0.74

0.65

0.85

Self-sufficiency

 Total autonomy

177

19.2

3,038

50.0

ref

572

25.4

2,643

55.7

ref

 Autonomy in some activities

294

31.9

1,877

30.9

2.56

2.12

3.08

767

34.0

1,404

29.6

2.18

1.96

2.43

 Not self-sufficient

452

49.0

1,159

19.1

5.82

4.89

6.92

914

40.6

697

14.7

4.36

3.93

4.84

Nephropathy

 Renal vascular disease

228

24.7

1,433

23.6

0.93

0.78

1.12

589

26.1

1,072

22.6

0.97

0.87

1.09

 Diabetic nephropathy

240

26.0

1,387

22.8

1.00

0.84

1.20

580

25.7

1,047

22.1

0.99

0.88

1.11

 Glomerulonephritis

31

3.4

545

9.0

0.36

0.25

0.53

88

3.9

488

10.3

0.41

0.32

0.51

 Cystic renal disease and familial nephropathy

22

2.4

453

7.5

0.30

0.20

0.47

66

2.9

409

8.6

0.35

0.27

0.45

 Interstitial and toxic nephritis/pyelonephriti

54

5.9

337

5.6

0.96

0.71

1.29

119

5.3

272

5.7

0.85

0.70

1.04

 Systemic disease

47

5.1

163

2.7

1.67

1.22

2.28

88

3.9

122

2.6

1.34

1.07

1.67

 Renal malformation

4

0.4

28

0.5

0.84

0.31

2.25

6

0.3

26

0.6

0.50

0.22

1.11

 Other nephropathies

48

5.2

266

4.4

1.07

0.78

1.46

110

4.9

204

4.3

1.01

0.83

1.24

 Unknown

249

27.0

1,462

24.1

ref

607

26.9

1,104

23.3

ref

Comorbidity (HR: Yes vs. No)

 Severe hypertension

521

56.5

4,146

68.3

0.62

0.54

0.71

1,356

60.2

3,311

69.8

0.69

0.63

0.75

 Heart disease

479

51.9

2,096

34.5

1.95

1.71

2.21

1,126

50.0

1,449

30.5

1.93

1.77

2.09

 Diabetes

300

32.5

1,656

27.3

1.25

1.09

1.44

718

31.9

1,238

26.1

1.24

1.13

1.35

 Peripheral vascular diseases

221

23.9

816

13.4

1.92

1.65

2.23

460

20.4

577

12.2

1.65

1.49

1.83

 Cerebrovascular disease

179

19.4

793

13.1

1.55

1.32

1.83

443

19.7

529

11.2

1.66

1.50

1.84

 COPD

194

21.0

777

12.8

1.72

1.47

2.02

459

20.4

512

10.8

1.77

1.60

1.96

 Cancer

164

17.8

595

9.8

1.87

1.58

2.22

349

15.5

410

8.6

1.72

1.53

1.92

 Thyroid disease

74

8.0

447

7.4

1.09

0.86

1.38

169

7.5

352

7.4

1.01

0.87

1.18

 Obesity

57

6.2

444

7.3

0.84

0.64

1.09

152

6.8

349

7.4

0.89

0.75

1.05

 Lipid metabolism’s alteration

48

5.2

422

7.0

0.75

0.56

1.00

120

5.3

350

7.4

0.74

0.61

0.89

 Liver disease

56

6.1

196

3.2

1.88

1.43

2.46

103

4.6

149

3.1

1.50

1.23

1.83

 Motor deficit

56

6.1

163

2.7

2.18

1.67

2.86

113

5.0

106

2.2

1.94

1.61

2.35

 Dementia and Psychiatric disease

53

5.7

162

2.7

2.05

1.55

2.70

113

5.0

102

2.2

2.02

1.67

2.44

 Extrauremic anemia

45

4.9

141

2.3

2.04

1.51

2.76

73

3.2

113

2.4

1.36

1.08

1.72

 Malnutrition

37

4.0

101

1.7

2.28

1.64

3.16

66

2.9

72

1.5

1.79

1.40

2.28

Drugs use (HR: Yes vs. No)

 Diabetes drugs

280

30.3

1,592

26.2

1.20

1.04

1.38

688

30.5

1,184

25.0

1.23

1.12

1.34

 Hypertensive drugs

744

80.6

5,175

85.2

0.74

0.63

0.87

1,868

82.9

4,051

85.4

0.83

0.75

0.93

 Other cardiovascular drugs

625

67.7

3,935

64.8

1.11

0.97

1.28

1,577

70.0

2,983

62.9

1.25

1.14

1.37

 Anti-anaemic drugs

851

92.2

5,377

88.5

1.50

1.18

1.91

2,041

90.6

4,187

88.3

1.24

1.07

1.43

Vascular access

 CVC

665

72.1

2,698

44.4

3.05

2.64

3.52

1,390

61.7

1,973

41.6

2.09

1.92

2.27

 FAV

258

28.0

3,376

55.6

ref

863

38.3

2,771

58.4

ref

Type of dialysis centre

 Public

477

51.7

3,089

50.9

ref

1,177

52.2

2,389

50.4

ref

 Private

446

48.3

2,985

49.1

0.96

0.85

1.09

1,076

47.8

2,355

49.6

0.94

0.87

1.02

Pre-dialysis counselling

 No

231

25.0

1,431

ref

507

22.5

1,155

24.4

ref

 Yes

692

75.0

4,643

76.4

0.92

0.79

1.06

1,746

77.5

3,589

75.7

1.05

0.95

1.16

mean [IQR]

mean [IQR]

mean [IQR]

mean [IQR]

Laboratory findings, mean [IQR]

 HB (g/dL)

10.0 [9.0-10.8]

10.3 [9.4–11.2]

0.82

0.78

0.86

10.2 [9.2–11]

10.4 [9.4–11.2]

0.90

0.88

0.93

 Calcium (mg/dL)

8.6 [8.0–9.0]

8.7 [8.2–9.2]

0.86

0.79

0.93

8.6 [8.1–9.1]

8.7 [8.2–9.2]

0.91

0.87

0.96

 Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

6.1 [4.6–7.5]

6.9 [5.3–8.2]

0.84

0.82

0.87

6.2 [4.7–7.5]

7.1 [5.5–8.3]

0.85

0.84

0.87

 Serum phosphate level (mg/dL)

4.7 [3.8–5.5]

5.0 [4.1–5.8]

0.86

0.82

0.90

4.8 [3.9–5.6]

5.1 [4.1–5.9]

0.87

0.84

0.89

 Serum albumin (mg/dL)

3.4 [3.1–3.8]

3.6 [3.3-4.0]

0.47

0.42

0.53

3.5 [3.2–3.9]

3.7 [3.4-4]

0.60

0.56

0.65