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Table 4 Disproportional analysis of concurrent medications with AKI

From: Risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated acute kidney injury: evidence from clinical studies and FDA pharmacovigilance database

Category

Total (N)

a (N)

b (N)

c (N)

d (N)

ROR

ROR025

ROR975

PPIs exposure

 ICIs as a class

12,676

516

12,160

2432

120,423

2.10

1.91

2.31

 Anti-PD-1

6016

323

5693

1492

79,096

3.01

2.66

3.40

 Nivolumab

3327

209

3118

976

51,415

3.53

3.03

4.12

 Pembrolizumab

2605

113

2492

504

27,364

2.46

2.00

3.03

 Cemiplimab

84

1

83

12

317

   

 Anti-PD-L1

3599

101

3498

362

17,493

1.40

1.12

1.74

 Atezolizumab

2400

75

2325

273

10,721

1.27

0.98

1.64

 Avelumab

223

4

219

43

1579

0.67

0.24

1.89

 Durvalumab

976

22

954

46

5193

2.60

1.56

4.35

 Anti-CTLA-4

3061

92

2969

578

23,834

1.28

1.02

1.60

 Ipilimumab

2572

80

2492

564

22,914

1.30

1.03

1.65

 Tremelimumab

489

12

477

14

920

1.65

0.76

3.60

ACEI/ARBs exposure

 ICIs as a class

9261

548

8713

2400

123,870

3.25

2.95

3.57

 Anti-PD-1

4690

332

4358

1483

80,431

4.13

3.65

4.67

 Nivolumab

2555

229

2326

956

52,207

5.38

4.63

6.25

 Pembrolizumab

2063

100

1963

517

27,893

2.75

2.21

3.42

 Cemiplimab

72

3

69

10

331

1.44

0.39

5.37

 Anti-PD-L1

2298

85

2213

378

18,778

1.91

1.50

2.42

 Atezolizumab

1478

66

1412

282

11,634

1.93

1.47

2.54

 Avelumab

209

8

201

39

1597

1.63

0.75

3.54

 Durvalumab

611

11

600

57

5547

1.78

0.93

3.42

 Anti-CTLA-4

2273

131

2142

539

24,661

2.80

2.30

3.40

 Ipilimumab

1967

122

1845

522

23,561

2.98

2.44

3.66

 Tremelimumab

306

9

297

17

1100

1.96

0.87

4.44

NSAIDs exposure

 ICIs as a class

14,407

765

13,642

2183

118,941

3.06

2.81

3.32

 Anti-PD-1

6539

487

6052

1328

78,737

4.77

4.29

5.31

 Nivolumab

3668

377

3291

808

51,242

7.26

6.40

8.25

 Pembrolizumab

2721

104

2617

513

27,239

2.11

1.70

2.62

 Cemiplimab

150

6

144

7

256

1.52

0.50

4.62

 Anti-PD-L1

4120

122

3998

341

16,993

1.52

1.23

1.88

 Atezolizumab

2614

94

2520

254

10,526

1.55

1.22

1.97

 Avelumab

396

9

387

38

1411

0.86

0.41

1.80

 Durvalumab

1110

19

1091

49

5056

1.80

1.05

3.06

 Anti-CTLA-4

3748

156

3592

514

23,211

1.96

1.63

2.35

 Ipilimumab

3150

146

3004

498

22,402

2.19

1.81

2.64

 Tremelimumab

598

10

588

16

809

0.86

0.39

1.91

Diuretics Exposure

 ICIs as a class

5513

305

5208

2643

127,375

2.82

2.50

3.19

 Anti-PD-1

2452

163

2289

1652

82,500

3.56

3.01

4.20

 Nivolumab

1237

112

1125

1073

53,408

4.96

4.04

6.07

 Pembrolizumab

1154

49

1105

568

28,751

2.24

1.67

3.02

 Cemiplimab

61

2

59

11

341

   

 Anti-PD-L1

1702

64

1638

399

19,353

1.90

1.45

2.48

 Atezolizumab

1208

44

1164

304

11,882

1.48

1.07

2.04

 Avelumab

120

6

114

41

1684

2.16

0.90

5.20

 Durvalumab

374

14

360

54

5787

4.17

2.29

7.57

 Anti-CTLA-4

1359

78

1281

592

25,522

2.63

2.06

3.35

 Ipilimumab

1173

72

1101

572

24,305

2.78

2.16

3.58

 Tremelimumab

186

6

180

20

1217

2.03

0.80

5.12

  1. a cases reported of AKI with target concurrent drugs;
  2. b cases reported of non-AKI with target concurrent drugs;
  3. c cases reported of AKI with any other concurrent drugs;
  4. d cases reported of non-AKI with any other concurrent drugs
  5. PPI Proton pump inhibitor, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, NSAIDs Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug; AKI: acute kidney injury
  6. ROR Reporting odds ratio
  7. ROR025 The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ROR
  8. ROR975 The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ROR
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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