Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients included in DIALECT, divided by dosage groups of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition

n

n = 668

n = 208 (31)

n = 262 (39)

n = 198 (30)

Age years

668

64 ± 10

61 ± 12

65 ± 9

65 ± 9

< 0.001

Gender men, n (%)

668

405 (61)

131 (63)

147 (56)

127 (64)

0.15

Body mass index, kg/m2

666

32.6 ± 5.9

31.2 ± 5.9

33.1 ± 5.6

33.5 ± 6.1

< 0.001

SBP/DBP, mmHg

666/666

134/74 ± 16/10

140/78 ± 16/9

138/74 ± 16/10

141/76 ± 16/9

0.16/0.02

 SBP < 100mmHg, n (%)

666

9 (1)

2 (1)

4 (2)

3 (2)

0.85

 History of hypertension, n (%)

666

600 (89)

141 (68)

261 (100)

198 (100)

< 0.001

Heart frequency, beats/min

657

73 ± 13

73 ± 12

73 ± 13

72 ± 12

0.46

Smoker, yes/former (%)

668

106/345 (16/52)

43/106 (21/51)

38/126 (15/49)

25/113 (13/58)

0.05

Years since type 2 diabetes diagnosis, years

668

12 [7-19]

11 [5-17]

12 [7-19]

14 [8-20]

0.06

Serum HbA1c, mmol/mol

666

58 ± 12

57 ± 12

59 ± 13

59 ± 12

0.22

Insulin use, n (%)

668

427 (64)

125 (60)

175 (67)

127 (64)

0.32

Diabetic kidney disease, n (%)

664

314 (47)

70 (34)

127 (49)

117 (59)

< 0.001

eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2, n (%)

668

176 (26)

40 (19)

72 (28)

64 (32)

0.01

eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73m2, n (%)

667

25 (4)

7 (3)

11 (4)

7 (4)

0.88

Moderately increased albuminuria, n (%)

660

231 (35)

52 (25)

89 (34)

90 (46)

< 0.001

Retinopathy, n (%)

658

150 (23)

32 (16)

64 (25)

54 (27)

0.02

Polyneuropathy, n (%)

666

260 (39)

61 (30)

116 (44)

83 (42)

0.003

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

667

153 (23)

40 (19)

65 (25)

48 (24)

< 0.001

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

667

80 (12)

16 (8)

41 (16)

23 (12)

0.06

Heart failure

 Reduced ejection fraction, n (%)

433

13 (3)

0 (0)

7 (4)

6 (5)

0.16

 Preserved ejection fraction, n (%)

433

11 (3)

2 (2)

6 (3)

3 (2)

Pharmacological management

 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, n (%)

667

201 (30)

0 (0)

138 (53)

63 (32)

 Angiotensin II receptor blockers, n (%)

668

264 (40)

0 (0)

127 (49)

138 (70)

 Aldosterone antagonist, n (%)

668

64 (10)

16 (8)

22 (8)

26 (13)

0.13

 Renin inhibitor, n (%)

668

6 (1)

5 (2)

1 (0)

0 (0)

0.02

 Thiazide diuretics, n (%)

668

201 (30)

24 (12)

85 (32)

92 (47)

< 0.001

 Loop diuretics, n (%)

668

121 (18)

19 (9)

65 (25)

37 (19)

< 0.001

 Beta blockers, n (%)

668

317 (47)

69 (33)

128 (49)

120 (61)

< 0.001

 Calcium antagonists, n (%)

668

171 (26)

31 (15)

56 (21)

84 (42)

< 0.001

 Total number of antihypertensives

667

2 [1-3]

0 [0–2]

2 [2-3]

3 [2-4]

< 0.001

 Blood pressure on target, n (%)

658

273 (42)

86 (42)

98 (38)

89 (46)

0.18

 Hypertension requiring 4 + drugs, n (%)

657

173 (26)

7 (3)

74 (28)

92 (48)

< 0.001

Serum biochemistry

 Serum sodium, mmol/l

666

139 ± 3

139 ± 3

139 ± 3

139 ± 3

0.16

 Serum potassium, mmol/l

667

4.1 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.4

4.1 ± 0.5

0.74

  Hyperkalemia, n (%)

667

12 (2)

3 (1)

5 (2)

4 (4)

0.90

24-hour urine

 Urinary sodium excretion, mmol/24 h

655

179 ± 77

171 ± 69

180 ± 78

185 ± 82

0.23

  Sodium intake < 100 mmol/24 h

655

82 (13)

23 (11)

34 (13)

25 (13)

0.86

 Urinary potassium excretion, mmol/24 h

656

76 ± 26

77 ± 28

75 ± 26

75 ± 24

0.51

Hyperkalemia pre-baseline

0.98

 No, n (%)

668

517 (77)

162 (78)

202 (77)

153 (77)

 Yes, n (%)

668

151 (23)

46 (22)

60 (23)

45 (23)

 ≥ 6.0 mmol/l

668

19 (3)

5 (2)

8 (3)

6 (3)

0.89

AKI pre-baseline

0.08

 No, n (%)

668

542 (82)

169 (82)

202 (78)

171 (86)

 Yes, n (%)

668

119 (18)

36 (18)

56 (22)

27 (14)

  Stage 1, n (%)

668

98 (15)

31 (15)

45 (18)

22 (11)

  Stage 2, n (%)

668

19 (3)

3 (2)

13 (5)

3 (2)

  Stage 3, n (%)

668

10 (2)

3 (2)

5 (2)

2 (1)