Table 4 Bivariate logistic regression of characteristics associated with reduced eGFR, reduced eGFR_DEGREE, and reduced eGFR_Kenya

Sex

 Female

392

1.64 (1.01, 2.65)

0.04

312

1.77 (1.00, 3.14)

0.05

244

2.12 (0.93, 4.85)

0.07

 Male

390

Ref

300

Ref

264

Ref

Sublocation

 Muhoroni East and Owaga

549

2.23 (1.21, 4.14)

0.01

414

2.02 (1.02, 4.01)

0.04

341

2.12 (0.78, 5.74)

0.13

 Tonde

233

Ref

198

Ref

167

Ref

Age

 Per 1-year increase

782

1.11 (1.08, 1.14)

 < .0001

612

1.12 (1.09, 1.16)

 < .0001

508

1.14 (1.09, 1.19)

 < .0001

Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2)

 Underweight (≤ 18.5), overweight (> 25 to ≤ 30), or obese (> 30)

307

2.11 (1.31, 3.40)

0.002

222

2.48 (1.41, 4.34)

0.0015

187

5.07 (2.09, 12.31)

0.0003

 Normal (> 18.5 to ≤ 25)

475

Ref

390

Ref

321

Ref

Blood pressure

  ≥ 140 or ≥ 90 or on hypertensive medication

111

1.54 (0.84, 2.81)

0.16

-

-

-

-

-

-

  < 140 and < 90 and not on hypertensive medication

671

Ref

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

Previous diabetes diagnosis by a physician

 Yes

8

5.68 (1.33, 24.23)

0.01

-

-

-

-

-

-

 No

774

Ref

-

Ref

-

-

Ref

-

Self-reported HIV

 Yes

125

4.68 (2.83, 7.74)

 < .0001

104

7.17 (4.00, 12.84)

 < .0001

-

-

-

 No

657

Ref

508

Ref

-

Ref

-

Medication against HIV

 Yes

122

4.25 (2.56, 7.06)

 < .0001

102

6.18 (3.46, 11.07)

 < .0001

-

-

-

 No

659

Ref

509

Ref

-

Ref

-

 Missing

1

1

-

-

-

Tuberculosis

 Yes

30

1.89 (0.70, 5.09)

0.20

25

2.69 (0.97, 7.46)

0.05

11

^a

 No

752

Ref

587

Ref

497

Ref

Prescribed medications

 Yes

248

3.48 (2.15, 5.63)

 < .0001

189

3.86 (2.18, 6.82)

 < .0001

89

0.84 (0.28, 2.52)

0.76

 No

534

Ref

423

Ref

419

Ref

Antibiotic medication for infection

 Yes

466

1.46 (0.89, 2.41)

0.13

364

1.58 (0.87, 2.88)

0.13

287

1.78 (0.76, 4.17)

0.18

 No

316

Ref

248

Ref

221

Ref

Painkillers most days

 Yes

347

1.24 (0.78, 2.00)

0.35

271

1.45 (0.83, 2.53)

0.18

221

2.16 (0.96, 4.86)

0.06

 No

435

Ref

341

Ref

287

Ref

Herbal or traditional remedies

 Yes

269

0.85 (0.51, 1.41)

0.53

212

0.62 (0.33, 1.16)

0.13

191

0.72 (0.31, 1.70)

0.46

 No

513

Ref

400

Ref

317

Ref

Consumption of sugary drinks in past 7 days

 5 or more drinks

57

2.09 (1.01, 4.33)

0.04

44

2.05 (0.87, 4.85)

0.10

32

1.25 (0.28, 5.56)

0.76

 None to 4 drinks

725

Ref

568

Ref

476

Ref

Currently smoke tobacco

 Yes

39

0.23 (0.03, 1.70)

0.15

33

0.30 (0.04, 2.26)

0.24

28

^a

 No

743

Ref

579

Ref

480

Ref

Occupational physical intensity group

 High-intensity

390

1.29 (0.75, 2.22)

0.36

298

1.73 (0.87, 3.41)

0.12

231

1.39 (0.55, 3.47)

0.48

 Low- and moderate-intensity

214

Ref

158

Ref

138

Ref

 Missing/Unclassifiable

178

156

139