Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants with early-stage renal damage stratified UACR (if ≥ 30 mg/g)
Variables | Healthy (n = 148) | T2DM_DN (n = 154) | T2DM_No_DN (n = 340) | p T2DM_DN vs Healthy | p T2DM_No_DN vs Healthy | p T2DM_DN vs T2DM_No_DN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 43 (29.1%) | 97 (63.0%) | 262 (77.1%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
Current smoking | 30 (20.5%) | 77 (50.3%) | 149 (43.8%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.204 |
Current drinking | 38 (26.0%) | 50 (32.5%) | 100 (29.4%) | 0.254 | 0.511 | 0.527 |
Physical activity | 77 (52.4%) | 19 (12.3%) | 34 (10.0%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.436 |
Hypertension | 0 (0.0%) | 76 (49.4%) | 123 (36.2%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.007 |
Age, years | 34.30 ± 8.27 | 54.49 ± 9.97 | 50.96 ± 10.25 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
T2DM duration, months | — | 102.63 ± 80.04 | 39.08 ± 68.80 | — | — | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.04 ± 2.39 | 25.90 ± 3.22 | 25.23 ± 3.33 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.034 |
FPG, mmol/L | 4.45 (4.24–4.67) | 7.79 (6.64–9.85) | 7.53 (6.15–9.38) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.60 |
HbA1c, % | 5.23 (5.04–5.43) | 8.48 (7.36–10.37) | 8.23 (7.20–10.40) | > 0.999 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 112.87 ± 12.22 | 139.22 ± 19.35 | 130.18 ± 17.46 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 68.92 ± 9.25 | 78.54 ± 10.62 | 75.06 ± 10.15 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
TG, mmol/L | 0.93 (0.75–1.17) | 1.57 (1.11–2.33) | 1.45 (1.04–2.02) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.364 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.36 (4.06–4.69) | 4.80 (4.10–5.45) | 4.56 (3.88–5.29) | < 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.295 |
HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.41 (1.23–1.64) | 1.04 (0.89–1.18) | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | > 0.999 |
LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.48 (2.19–2.82) | 2.93 (2.31–3.42) | 2.84 (2.18–3.38) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | > 0.999 |
SUA, μmol/L | 263.0 (295.0–340.3) | 257.3 (328.5–386.3) | 278.0 (327.0–389.0) | 0.001 | 0.045 | > 0.999 |
BUN, mmol/L | 4.21 (4.83–5.58) | 4.55 (5.40–6.32) | 4.40 (5.20–6.19) | 0.004 | 0.010 | > 0.999 |
SCR, mg/dL | 48.75 (56.0–67.0) | 61.0 (68.0–77.25) | 64.0 (69.0–75.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | > 0.999 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 116.2 (123.4–132.0) | 93.6 (101.6–111.4) | 100.1 (106.9–114.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 |
Albumin, g/L | 45.80 (44.10–47.30) | 41.90 (38.93–45.0) | 42.30 (39.40–44.70) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | > 0.999 |
Platelets, 109/L | 228.0 (200.0–260.0) | 219.0 (171.3–252.0) | 75.10 (40.80–177.0) | 0.203 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
UACR, mg/g | 5.28 (2.92–7.92) | 61.89 (44.05–104.48) | 9.92 (6.50–15.21) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
TSP-2, ng/mL | 6.86 (5.11–8.36) | 10.48 (7.19–15.73) | 7.03 (3.48–12.91) | < 0.001 | 0.014 | < 0.001 |
Use of statin | — | 46 (29.9%) | 76 (22.4%) | — | — | 0.091 |
Use of ACEIs/ARBs | — | 85 (55.2%) | 138 (40.6%) | — | — | 0.003 |
Type of antidiabetic therapy | ||||||
No | — | 27 (23.9%) | 163 (42.8%) | — | — | < 0.001 |
Insulin | — | 6 (5.3%) | 16 (4.2%) | — | — | 0.607 |
OHA | — | 46 (40.7%) | 132 (34.6%) | — | — | 0.265 |
Insulin + OHA | — | 72 (18.9%) | 35 (31.0%) | — | — | 0.009 |