Table 1 Listing of articles about childhood modifiable risk factors for later life chronic kidney disease a
From: Childhood modifiable risk factors and later life chronic kidney disease: a systematic review
ID | Author | Year | Country | Study name | Target population | Sample size | Baseline age (years) | Mean FU length (years) | Exposure in childhood | Outcome(s) in adulthood | Main finding(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hoq et al. [18] | 2002 | USA | Bogalusa Heart Study | School-aged children and young adults in a biracial population | 2,122 | 5–17 | 16 | BP, annual change in BP from childhood to adulthood | Microalbuminuria b | Childhood BP and annual change in BP from childhood to adulthood were associated with microalbuminuria in Blacks, but not in Whites. |
2 | Zhao et al. [19] | 2008 | China | Beijing BP Cohort | Primary and secondary school-aged children | 412 | 6–18 | 18 | Change in HTN status from childhood to adulthood | Microalbuminuria b | High BP only in childhood was not associated with microalbuminuria in adults c. |
3 | Yan et al. [20] | 2018 | USA | Bogalusa Heart Study | School-aged children and young adults in a biracial population | 2,512 | 4–19 | 25 | BP, BP from childhood to adulthood | eGFR | Childhood BP was not associated with adult eGFR in Blacks and Whites. Long-term burden of BP, reflected by total BP area under the curve value, was significantly and negatively associated with adult eGFR in Blacks. |
4 | Yan et al. [21] | 2018 | China | Beijing BP Cohort | Children from primary and secondary schools | 1,222 | 6–18 | 23 | BP, change in HTN status from childhood to adulthood | Microalbuminuria b; eGFR | High BP in childhood was not associated with microalbuminuria, and eGFR in adulthood. |
5 | Zheng et al. [22] | 2018 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural areas | 2,430 | 6–15 | 30 | BP trajectories from childhood to adulthood | UACR; eGFR; SRD d | Compared to the low stable trajectory group, higher BP trajectories were associated with a higher level of UACR and a higher risk of SRD in adulthood, but not with eGFR in adulthood e. |
6 | Liao et al. [35] | 2020 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural areas | 1,738 | 6–15 | 30 | Elevated BP; pre-HTN; HTN f | SRD d | Elevated BP and prehypertension in childhood was not associated with SRD in adulthood. Hypertension in childhood was associated with the risk of SRD in adulthood. |
7 | Liao et al. [24] | 2021 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural areas | 1,738 | 6–15 | 30 | Pulsatile stress; change in pulsatile stress from childhood to adulthood | SRD d | Pulsatile stress in childhood was associated with adult SRD, especially in males. High pulsatile stress in childhood but normal in adulthood still had an increased risk of SRD in males. |
8 | Wang et al. [25] | 2022 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural areas | 1,771 | 6–18 | 30 | BPV | SKD d; albuminuria g | BPV from childhood to middle adulthood was associated with higher risk of SKD and albuminuria in adulthood. |
9 | Kim et al. [30] | 2010 | USA | Gila River Indian Community Study | Members of the Gila River Indian Community | 2,666 | 5–19 | 8.1 h | type 2 diabetes | Macroalbuminuria i | The incidence of macroalbuminuria in adulthood was higher in diabetic children than nondiabetic children. |
10 | Silverwood et al. [26] | 2013 | UK | 1946 British Birth Cohort | Socially stratified sample of singletons in England, Scotland, and Wales | 4,340 | 2–20 j | 62 | Overweight latent classes between ages 2 and 20 years | CKD k | Being overweight in early years was associated with a high risk of CKD in later life. |
11 | Yan et al. [27] | 2021 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural sites of towns | 2,162 | 6–15 | 30 | BMI trajectories | SRD d, eGFR, UACR | Child-to-adult BMI trajectories that worsen or persist at high levels were associated with an increased risk of SRD, but not with levels of eGFR and UACR e. |
12 | Liu et al. [28] | 2021 | Australia | Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study | A nationally representa-tive sample of school children | 1,442 | 7–15 | 33 | BMI trajectories | SKD d, eGFR, UACR | Higher BMI trajectories were associated with a higher risk of SKD in midlife. The relationship with eGFR was inconsistent. No significant association was found with UACR. |
13 | Wang et al. [29] | 2022 | China | Hanzhong Adolescent Hypertension Cohort | School-aged children from rural sites of towns | 4,623 | 6–18 | 30 | BMI trajectories | Albuminuria g | Higher BMI trajectories were associated with an increased risk of albuminuria in midlife. |
14 | Canney et al. [31] | 2018 | Ireland | The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging | Cluster-sampled community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 50 years | 4,996 | ≤ 14 l | 48 l | SEP measured by father’s occupation | CKD | Low childhood SEP was associated with an increased risk of CKD in women, independent of adulthood SEP. Similar association was absent in men. |
15 | Lv et al. [32] | 2020 | China | China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study | Middle-aged and elderly population in mainland China | 6,267 | Preschool; school-aged k | 52 m | Famine | CKD | Preschool and school-aged exposure to famine was not associated with the risk of CKD. |
16 | Liu et al. [33] | 2022 | Australia | Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study | A nationally representative sample of school children | 1,371 | 7–15 | 33 | CRF n | GHF o, albuminuria g | Childhood low CRF was associated with an increased risk of GHF in women, but not in men. No significant association was found with albuminuria. |
17 | Liu et al. [34] | 2022 | Australia | Childhood Determinants of Adult Health study | A nationally representative sample of school children | 750 | 7–15 | 33 | HLS p | SKD d | Childhood HLS was not associated with the risk of SKD in adulthood. |