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Table 4 Association between time of proton pump inhibitor use and incident chronic kidney disease. ELSA-Brasil. (N = 13,004)

From: Kidney function decline associated with proton pump inhibitors: results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort

PPI use time

Number incident CKD eventsϋ

Reference¥

Model 0 π

HR (95%CI)

Model 1

HR (95%CI)

Model 2

HR (95%CI)

Model 3£ HR (95%CI)

Model 4§

HR (95%CI)

Up to 6 months

5

1

0.85

(0.35–2.09)

0.75

(0.30–1.86)

0.77

(0.31–1.91)

0.74

(0.30–1.86)

0.74

(0.30–1.86)

Over 6 months

44

1

2.33

(1.69–3.22)*

1.48

(1.05–2.07)*

1.46

(1.04–2.04)*

1.42

(1.01–2.00)*

1.39

(0.99–1.96)

  1. ϋ Number of cumulative incident CKD events during 3.9-year follow-ups
  2. ¥ Reference: Not PPI users.
  3. π Model 0: not adjusted.
  4. Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and per capita household income.
  5. Model 2: adjusted by model 1 + excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity.
  6. £Model 3: adjusted by model 2 + cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension.
  7. §Model 4: adjusted by model 3 + use of NSAIDs, ARBs and ACEs.
  8. *p < 0.05.