Kidney function decline associated with proton pump inhibitors: results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort

BMC Nephrology

Table 4 Association between time of proton pump inhibitor use and incident chronic kidney disease. ELSA-Brasil. (N = 13,004)

PPI use time	Number incident CKD events^ϋ	Reference^¥	Model 0 ^π HR (95%CI)	Model 1^† HR (95%CI)	Model 2^‡ HR (95%CI)	Model 3^£ HR (95%CI)	Model 4^§ HR (95%CI)
Up to 6 months	5	1	0.85 (0.35–2.09)	0.75 (0.30–1.86)	0.77 (0.31–1.91)	0.74 (0.30–1.86)	0.74 (0.30–1.86)
Over 6 months	44	1	2.33 (1.69–3.22)*	1.48 (1.05–2.07)*	1.46 (1.04–2.04)*	1.42 (1.01–2.00)*	1.39 (0.99–1.96)

^ϋ Number of cumulative incident CKD events during 3.9-year follow-ups
^¥ Reference: Not PPI users.
^π Model 0: not adjusted.
^†Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and per capita household income.
^‡Model 2: adjusted by model 1 + excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity.
^£Model 3: adjusted by model 2 + cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension.
^§Model 4: adjusted by model 3 + use of NSAIDs, ARBs and ACEs.
*p < 0.05.

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