Table 2 Identified causes or triggers of thrombotic microangiopathies

 ≥ 2 causes or triggers

62 (81)

22 (92)

22 (71)

18 (82)

0.15

Primary TMAs

 Atypical HUS

6 (8)

1 (4)

3 (10)

2 (9)

0.76

Secondary TMAs

Acute antibody-mediated rejection

12 (16)

4 (17)

4 (13)

4 (18)

1.00

Chronic antibody-mediated rejection

15 (19)

0 (0)

1 (4)

14 (64)

 < 0.001

Shiga toxin Escherichia coli HUS

2 (3)

0 (0)

2 (6)

0 (0)

0.33

Infections

32 (42)

7 (29)

16 (52)

9 (41)

0.24

Bacteria

17 (22)

6 (25)

6 (19)

5 (23)

0.93

Escherichia coli (without evidence of shiga toxin)

4 (5)

3 (13)

0 (0)

1 (5)

0.96

Other gram-negative bacilli

7 (9)

1 (4)

3 (10)

3 (14)

0.48

Streptococcus

2 (3)

2 (8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0.17

Staphylococcus

1 (1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)

0.29

Virus

17 (22)

1 (4)

10 (32)

6 (27)

0.03

Epstein-Barr virus

9 (12)

0 (0)

6 (19)

3 (14)

0.06

Cytomegalovirus

9 (12)

0 (0)

5 (16)

4 (18)

0.06

Other

2 (3)

1 (4)

1 (3)

0 (0)

1.00

Not documented

3 (4)

1 (4)

2 (6)

0 (0)

0.78

Pre-eclampsia

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (3)

0 (0)

1.00

Malignant hypertension

8 (10

3 (13)

1 (3)

4 (18)

0.22

Malignancies

9 (12)

1 (4)

2 (6)

6 (27)

0.04

Autoimmune diseases

3 (4)

0 (0)

3 (10)

0 (0)

0.11

CNI toxicity, n (%)

6 (8)

2 (8)

4 (13)

0 (0)

0.27

Combination of CNI and mTOR inhibitor, n (%)

4 (5)

1 (4)

3 (10)

0 (0)

0.45

Conditions associated with other TMAs

30 (39)

13 (54)

8 (26)

9 (41)

0.01

Large hematoma

9 (12)

4 (17)

4 (13)

1 (5)

0.45

Folate deficiency

19 (25)

8 (33)

3 (10)

8 (36)

0.04

Vitamin B12 deficiency

2 (3)

1 (4)

1 (3)

0 (0)

1.00