Table 1 Characteristics of healthy controls and patients

Age, years

60 (50.25 ~ 65.0)

58.0 (49.5 ~ 63.0)

61(51.25 ~ 66.75)

0.196

Gender, Male, n (%)

28(58.33)

28 (58.33)

28(58.33)

1.000

Hypertension, yes, n (%)

5 (10.42)

20(41.67)

36(75.0)

0.002

CHD, yes, n (%)

3(6.25)

16(33.33)

14(29.17)

0.826

Smoking history

0.642

 Yes, n (%)

5 (10.41)

11 (22.92)

14 (29.67)

 No, n (%)

43 (89.59)

37 (77.08)

34 (70.83)

Drinking history

1.000

 Yes, n (%)

7 (14.58)

5 (10.42)

6 (12.5)

 No, n (%)

41 (85.42)

43 (89.58)

42 (87.5)

Diabetic retinopathy

< 0.001

 Yes, n (%)

NA

2(4.17)

27(56.25)

 No, n (%)

NA

46(95.83)

21(47.35)

Diabetic foot

1.000

 Yes, n (%)

NA

0(0)

0(0)

 No, n (%)

NA

48(100)

48(100)

Diabetic family history

0.301

 Yes, n (%)

8 (16.67)

25(47.92)

31(64.58)

 No, n (%)

40 (83.33)

23(52.08)

17(35.42)

DD, years

0.146

 < 5 years

NA

10(21.83)

4(8.33)

 ≥ 5 years

NA

38(79.17)

44(91.67)

BMI, kg/m²

22.84 ± 2.75

25.47 ± 3.42

27.02 ± 4.95

0.397

SBP, mm Hg

119.96 ± 8.32

127.0(117.5 ~ 138.5)

138.5 ± 20.24

0.023

DBP, mm Hg

75 (70.0 ~ 78.75)

79.58 ± 9.67

80.0(76.5 ~ 87.75)

0.187

AST, U/L

19.19 ± 3.05

20.0 (15.0 ~ 25.75)

19.5(12.0 ~ 28.0)

0.602

ALT, U/L

18.52 ± 5.59

17.0(14.0 ~ 20.75)

16.0 (13.0 ~ 20.75)

0.607

ALB, g/L

44.00 ± 2.32

40.16 ± 2.78

36.78 ± 2.79

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

5.09 ± 0.38

6.78 (6.02 ~ 8.33)

8.01 (6.66 ~ 11.16)

0.007

HbA1c, %

5.4 (5.2 ~ 5.5)

8.87 ± 1.90

9.41 ± 2.18

0.037

GA, %

9.67 ± 1.64

20.60 (17.25 ~ 28.10)

25.16 ± 7.31

0.101

Serum Cr, µmol/L

64.52 ± 11.57

66.0(51.25 ~ 69.75)

78.0 (63.0 ~ 91.5)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m²

104.79 ± 9.72

100.5(95.25 ~ 108.75)

85.00 (63.25 ~ 100.5)

< 0.001

UACR, mg/g

< 0.001

 <30

48 (100.00)

48(100.00)

0(0)

 ≥ 30

0 (0)

0(0)

48(100.00)

Treatment

0.003

 Insulin + Drugs, n (%)

NA

10(21.83)

24(50.0)

 Drugs, n (%)

NA

38(79.17)

24(50.0)