Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 1386 participants according to fresh and salt-preserved vegetable intakes

Variables

Almost everyday

(n = 674)

Except winter(n = 549)

Occasionally

(n = 107)

Rarely or never(n = 56)

P

Almost everyday

(n = 186)

Occasionally

(n = 783)

Rarely or never(n = 417)

P

Age, years

81.0(71.0–90.0)

80.0(71.0–91.0)

89.0(80.0–96.0)

88.0(80.3–97.8)

< 0.001

79.0(71.0–89.0)

81.0(71.0–91.0)

84.0(74.0–94.5)

< 0.001

Sex

0.008 

0.033 

Male

323(47.9)

288(52.5)

44(41.1)

18(32.1)

88(47.3)

403(51.5)

182(43.6)

Female

351(52.1)

261(47.5)

63(58.9)

38(67.9)

98(52.7)

380(48.5)

235(56.4)

BMI,kg/m²

21.73 ± 4.35

21.49 ± 3.57

20.91 ± 3.18

21.34 ± 4.38

0.226

22.31 ± 3.96

21.67 ± 3.92

20.99 ± 4.02

< 0.001

Education

 <0.001

 <0.001

No schooling

345(51.2)

334(60.8)

81(75.7)

40(71.4)

89(47.8)

435(55.6)

276(66.2)

Some schooling

329(48.8)

215(39.2)

26(22.3)

16(28.6)

97(52.2)

348(44.4)

141(33.8)

Residence

 0.008

 0.135

Urban

132(19.6)

78(14.2)

9(8.4)

9(16.1)

23(12.4)

141(18.0)

64(15.3)

Rural

542(80.4)

471(85.8)

98(91.6)

47(83.9)

163(87.6)

642(82.0)

353(84.7)

Economic status

 <0.001

 0.013

Rich

126(18.7)

67(12.2)

6(5.6)

3(5.4)

41(22.0)

112(14.3)

49(11.8)

Fair

495(73.4)

432(78.7)

80(74.8)

49(87.5)

125(67.2)

603(77.0)

328(78.7)

Poor

53(7.9)

50(9.1)

21(19.6)

4(7.1)

20(10.8)

68(8.7)

40(9.6)

Married status

 <0.001

 0.050

Married

343(50.9)

265(48.3)

32(29.9)

12(21.4)

102(54.8)

366(46.7)

184(44.1)

Unmarried

331(49.1)

284(51.7)

75(70.1)

44(78.6)

84(45.29)

417(53.3)

233(55.9)

Fruit intake

< 0.001

< 0.001

Almost everyday

287(42.6)

229(41.7)

6(5.6)

17(17.9)

72(38.7)

329(42.0)

131(31.4)

Occasionally

223(33.1)

231(42.1)

78(72.9)

7(12.5)

64(34.4)

321(41.0)

154(36.9)

Rarely or never

164(24.3)

89(16.2)

23(21.5)

39(69.6)

50(26.9)

133(17.0)

132(31.7)

Meat intake

< 0.001

0.001

Almost everyday

277(41.1)

104(18.9)

21(19.6)

23(41.1)

53(28.5)

227(29.0)

145(34.8)

Occasionally

375(55.6)

418(7.1)

78(72.9)

32(57.1)

120(64.5)

536(68.5)

247(59.2)

Rarely or never

22(3.3)

27(4.9)

8(7.5)

1(1.8)

13(7.0)

20(2.6)

25(6.0)

Fish intake

< 0.001

< 0.001

Almost everyday

79(11.7)

19(3.5)

3(2.8)

3(5.4)

21(11.3)

48(6.1)

35(8.4)

Occasionally

533(79.1)

467(85.1)

92(86.0)

42(75.0)

149(80.1)

670(85.6)

315(75.5)

Rarely or never

62(9.2)

63(11.5)

12(11.2)

11(19.6)

16(8.6)

65(8.3)

67(16.1)

Egg intake

< 0.001

< 0.001

Almost everyday

234(34.7)

198(36.1)

21(19.6)

19(33.9)

78(41.9)

258(33.0)

136(32.6)

Occasionally

377(55.9)

330(60.1)

75(70.1)

29(51.8)

98(52.7)

487(62.2)

226(54.2)

Rarely or never

63(9.3)

21(3.8)

11(10.3)

8(14.3)

10(5.4)

38(4.9)

55(13.2)

Vitamin intake

0.771

< 0.001

Almost everyday

17(2.5)

15(2.7)

3(2.8)

1(1.8)

5(2.7)

16(2.0)

15(3.6)

Occasionally

72(10.7)

53(9.7)

11(10.3)

2(3.6)

8(4.3)

103(13.2)

27(6.5)

Rarely or never

585(86.8)

481(87.6)

93(86.9)

53(94.6)

173(93.0)

664(84.8)

375(89.9)

Smoking

 0.097

 0.308

Current

148(22.0)

107(19.5)

16(15.0)

4(7.1)

43(23.0)

162(20.7)

70(16.8)

Past

58(8.6)

53(9.7)

7(6.5)

6(10.7)

18(9.6)

71(9.1)

35(8.4)

Never

468(69.4)

389(70.9)

84(78.5)

46(82.1)

126(67.4)

550(70.2)

312(74.8)

Drinking status

 0.069

 <0.001

Current

126(18.7)

103(18.8)

9(8.4)

5(8.9)

44(23.7)

148(18.9)

51(12.2)

Past

44(6.5)

36(6.6)

5(4.7)

3(5.4)

19(10.2)

48(6.1)

21(5.0)

Never

504(74.8)

410(74.7)

93(86.9)

48(85.7)

123(66.1)

587(75.0)

345(82.7)

Exercise

 0.001

 0.477

Current

141(20.9)

70(12.8)

14(13.1)

3(5.4)

32(17.12)

134(17.1)

62(14.9)

Past

13(1.9)

13(2.4)

1(0.9)

1(1.8)

2(1.1)

14(1.8)

12(2.9)

Never

520(77.2)

466(84.9)

93(86.0)

52(92.9)

152(81.7)

635(81.1)

343(82.3)

Hypertension

 0.713

 0.342

Yes

405(60.1)

325(59.2)

61(57.0)

37(66.1)

111(59.7)

456(58.2)

261(62.6)

No

269(39.9)

224(40.8)

46(43.0)

19(33.9)

75(40.3)

327(41.8)

158(37.4)

Diabetes mellitus

 0.493

 0.536

Yes

53(7.9)

36(6.6)

11(10.3)

3(5.4)

15(8.1)

62(7.9)

26(6.2)

No

621(92.1)

513(93.4)

96(89.7)

53(94.6)

171(91.9)

721(92.1)

391(93.8)

Pneumonia

 0.657

 0.463

Yes

50(7.4)

45(8.2)

8(7.5)

2(3.6)

12(6.5)

56(7.2)

37(8.9)

No

624(92.6)

504(91.8)

99(92.5)

54(96.4)

174(93.5)

727(92.8)

380(91.1)

Heart disease

 0.095

 0.001

Yes

58(8.6)

39(7.1)

13(12.1)

1(1.8)

27(14.5)

51(6.5)

33(7.9)

No

616(91.4)

510(92.9)

94(87.9)

55(98.2)

159(85.5)

732(93.5)

384(92.1)

Albumin, g/L

41.3(37.9–44.4)

40.9(38.2–43.8)

39.7(36.9–41.8)

39.7(3.7–42.7)

< 0.001

42.8(39.6–46.0)

40.9(37.8–44.0

40.4(37.4–43.0)

< 0.001

Urinary albumin

4.4(0.7–16.7)

4.9(0.9–13.6)

5.3(1.2–11.4)

4.9(1.0–9.4)

0.914

4.9(0.9–19.6)

4.7(0.8–15.2)

4.7(0.7–11.2)

0.586

Hs-CRP, mg/L

0.8(0.4–2.1)

0.9(0.4–2.1)

1.2(0.5–3.0)

0.9(0.5–1.2)

0.046

0.7(0.4–1.5)

0.9(0.4–2.3)

0.9(0.4–2.5)

0.008

Urea, mmol/L

6.4(5.2–7.6)

6.5(5.4–7.8)

6.6(5.4–7.6)

6.4(5.7–7.3)

0.535

6.1(5.0–7.5)

6.5(5.5–7.7)

6.4(5.2–7.6)

0.066

Urea acid, umol/L

286.8(239.4–349.2)

271.9(220.1–331.4)

273.7(227.3–323.9)

260.8(221.9–348.2)

0.005

273.6(218.4–333.7)

282.9(234.6–344.0)

273.7(230.3–338.9)

0.195

Triglycerides, mmol/L

0.9(0.6–1.3)

0.8(0.6–1.2)

0.8(0.6–1.1)

0.8(0.5–1.1)

0.004

0.8(0.6–1.2)

0.9(0.6–1.2)

0.80(0.6–2.5)

0.483

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.3(1.1–1.6)

1.2(1.0–1.5)

1.2(1.0–1.4)

1.2(1.0–1.5)

0.031

1.3(1.1–1.6)

1.2(1.0–1.5)

1.3(1.1–1.5)

0.047

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.5(1.9–3.0)

2.6(2.1–3.1)

2.5(2.2–2.9)

2.6(2.2–3.3)

0.047

2.5(2.1–3.0)

2.5(2.0–3.1)

2.5(2.0–3.1)

0.350

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.3(3.7–5.0)

4.3(3.7–5.0)

4.2(3.7–4.8)

4.4(3.6–5.0)

0.338

4.4(3.7–4.9)

4.3(3.7–4.9)

4.3(3.7–5.0)

0.388

SBP, mmHg

140.0(125.0–156.0)

140.0(122.5–152.1)

137.5(122.5–149.0)

143.0(127.5–160.0)

0.179

140.0(125.3–159.0)

139.0(125.0–154.8)

140.0(125.0–152.5)

0.386

DBP, mmHg

80.0(70.0–90.0)

80.0(70.0–90.0)

80.0(72.5–90.0)

80.0(75.0–90.0)

0.011

80.0(75.0–90.0)

80.0(73.0–90.0)

80.0(70.0–90.0)

0.759

Glucose, mmol/L

4.3(3.5–5.1)

4.5(3.8–5.1)

4.5(3.7–5.2)

4.3(3.6–4.9)

0.008

4.4(3.7–4.9)

4.5(3.8–5.2)

4.3(3.5–5.1)

0.005

Baseline_eGFR, ml/min /1·73 m²

73.1(59.3–83.7)

73.5(60.8–85.7)

64.0(54.3–75.0)

66.1(51.3–81.1)

< 0.001

77.6(62.2–87.1)

72.6(57.1–83.8)

70.3(56.4–80.9)

< 0.001

Follow-up_eGFR, ml/min/1·73 m²

71.2(58.8–83.6)

71.1(57.8–83.7)

67.8(54.9–77.4)

57.9(47.8–73.3)

< 0.001

71.6(59.5–82.7)

69.6(56.8–83.2)

70.8(58.0–82.0)

0.549