Table 1 Comparisons of demographic characteristics between participants with CKD stages 3, 4, and 5

Gender

 Male

44 (52.4)

17 (38.6)

14 (31.8)

13 (29.5)

0.538^a

 Female

40 (47.6)

11 (27.5)

14 (35)

15 (37.5)

Age

 Years

58.8 ± 11.7

55.21 ± 10.181

57.5 ± 11.462

57.75 ± 13.525

0.381^b

Ethnicity

 Malay

64 (76.2)

23 (35.9)

21 (32.8)

20 (31.3)

0.0875^a

 Chinese

16 (19.0)

4 (25)

6 (37.5)

6 (37.5)

 Indian

4 (4.8)

1 (25)

1 (25)

2 (50)

Cause of CKD

 DM

43 (51.2)

14 (32.6)

11 (25.6)

18 (41.9)

0.178^a

 Hypertension

6 (7.1)

2 (33.3)

3 (50)

1 (16.7)

 IgAN

10 (11.9)

5 (50)

2 (20)

3 (30)

 FSGS

5 (6)

2 (40)

3 (60)

0 (0)

 Lupus nephritis

6 (7.1)

3 (50)

2 (33.3)

1 (16.7)

 Obstructive Uropathy

6 (7.1)

1 (16.7)

5 (83.3)

0 (0)

 Medullary Nephrocalcinosis

2 (2.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (100)

 Neurogenic Bladder

1 (1.2)

1 (100)

9 (0)

0 (0)

 VUR

1 (1.2)

0 (0)

1 (50)

0 (0)

 Single functioning Kidney post Nephrectomy

2 (2.4)

0 (0)

1 (50)

0 (0)

 ADPKD

1 (1.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (100)

 Unknown primary

1 (1.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (100)

Diabetes mellitus

54 (64.3)

18 (33.3)

15 (27.8)

21 (38.9)

0.247^a

Hypertension

78 (92.9)

27 (34.6)

26 (33.3)

25 (32.1)

0.584^a

IHD

20 (23.8)

6 (30)

7 (35)

7 (35)

0.936^a

Stroke

13 (15.5)

5 (38.5)

3 (23.1)

5 (38.5)

0.695^a

PVD

4 (4.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (100.0)

0.015^a

Diabetic retinopathy

 Yes

18 (21.4)

5 (27.8)

4 (22.2)

9 (50)

0.194^a

 No

36 (42.9)

13 (34.5)

11 (27.6)

12 (37.9)

 Not diabetic

30 (35.7)

10 (35.1)

13 (43.2)

7 (21.6)

Smoker

5 (6)

2 (40)

1 (20)

2 (40)

0.808^a

Treatment

 ACEI

25 (29.8)

11 (44.0)

11 (44.0)

3 (12.0)

0.026^a

 ARB

26 (30.9)

13 (50.0)

10 (38.5)

3 (11.5)

0.012^a

 Beta blocker

32 (38.1)

11 (34.4)

9 (28.1)

12 (37.5)

0.702^a

 CCB

57 (67.9)

18 (31.6)

17 (29.8)

22 (38.6)

0.318^a

 Statin

69 (82.1)

24 (34.8)

22 (31.9)

23 (33.3)

0.903^a

 Insulin

30 (35.7)

8 (26.7)

8 (26.7)

14 (46.7)

0.172^a