Fig. 2

Three-dimensional statistical parametric maps (SPMs) of kidney morphology, projections are anterior (left plots) and posterior (right plots) views for both left (L) and right (R) kidneys. The SPMs show the local rate of change as a function of age for S2S distances in participants i) without CKD, T2D, or hypertension, ii) with CKD, referred to the sums of the regression coefficients for Age and Age*CKD, iii) with T2D, referred to the sums of the regression coefficients for Age and Age*T2D, and iv) with Hypertension, referred to the sums of the regression coefficients for Age and Age*Hypertension, in the full cohort (N  =  38,868). Positive associations are in red and negative associations are in blue. Regression coefficients (\(\widehat{\beta }\)) are shown with units in standard deviations for each covariate