Fig. 3

Three-dimensional statistical parametric maps (SPMs) of kidney morphology, projections are anterior (left plots) and posterior (right plots) views for both left (L) and right (R) kidneys. i) The SPMs show the local rate of change as a function of BMI for S2S distances in participants without T2D and ii) with T2D, referred to the sums of the regression coefficients for BMI and BMI*T2D, iii) SPMs show the local rate of change as a function of WHR for S2S distances in participants without T2D and iv) with T2D, referred to the sums of the regression coefficients for WHR and WHR*T2D, on the full cohort (N = 38,868). Positive associations are in red and negative associations in blue. Regression coefficients (\(\widehat{\beta }\)) are shown with units in standard deviations for each covariate