Skip to main content

Table 2 Risk assessment for inclusion in non-RCTs

From: Objectively measured daily steps as an outcome in a clinical trial of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review

Study

ROBINS-I (Non-Randomized Studies)

Confounding

Selection bias

Bias in measurement classification of intervention

Bias due to deviations intended interventions

Bias due to missing outcome data

Bias in measurement of outcomes

Bias in selection of reported results

Overall bias

Masajtis-Zagajewska A et al. (2019)

PY

PY

N

N

N

N

N

Moderate

Kontos P et al. (2021)

PY

N

N

N

Y

N

N

High

Nowicki M et al. (2010)

PY

PY

N

N

N

N

N

Moderate

Bulckaen M et al. (2011)

PY

PY

N

N

N

N

N

Moderate

  1. Note: The response options regarding biases included Yes (Y), Probably Yes (PY), Probably No (PN), No (N) and No Information (NI). “Y” indicated a low risk of bias, “PY” indicated a moderate risk of bias, “PN” indicated a serious risk of bias, “N” indicated a critical risk of bias and “NI” indicated that was no information related to bias
Back to article page

BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

Contact us