Table 4 Macronutrients, Fatty acids, and micronutrients outcomes assessment with 24-h dietary records

Macronutrients

 Energy (kcal)

1567 (1288–1837)

1632 (1472–1852)

137 (-67–200)

1521 (1284–1704)

1512 (1273–1700)

6 (-175–175)

0.20

 Energy

(kcal/kg body weight)

26.0 (22.1–35.0)

29.4 (23.3–34.7)

1.8 (-1.6–4.4)

23.2 (18.6–27.4)

22.5 (20.7–26.1)

0.1 (-2.8–2.4)

0.19

 Protein intake (g)

52.5 (36.8–68.7)

50.5 (42.8–56.6)

-3.7 (-14.7–5.3)

46.7 (41.6–55.6)

48.2 (43.7–52.9)

2.1 (-7.4–9.9)

0.37

 Protein intake

(g/kg body weight)

0.88 (0.66–1.21)

0.85 (0.65–1.05)

-0.07 (-0.23–0.09)

0.73 (0.55–0.93)

0.75 (0.62–0.86)

0.05 (-0.15–0.14)

0.41

 Carbohydrate intake (g)

213 (184–249)

222 (179–257)

12 (-17–38)

194 (165–239)

213 (168–241)

2 (-36–41)

0.87

 Fat intake (g)

61 (46–70)

68 (54–74)

6 (-5–23)

51 (43–70)

50 (45–66)

-1 (-11–9)

0.08

 Dietary fiber (g)

11.4 (8.6–15.1)

12.2 (7.6–11.8)

2.1 (-3.3–4.7)

12.5 (7.1–15.1)

10.6 (9.3–15.6)

-0.6 (-4.6–3.4)

0.36

Fatty acids composition

 SFA (g)

15.9 (10.2–18.2)

16.7 (13.6–21.2)

4.0 (-2.5–8.1)

11.9 (9.2–16.1)

12.8 (9.3–16.3)

-0.3 (-4.2–3.1)

0.17

 PUFA (g)

19.1 (15.7–25.7)

23.6 (16.1–26.5)

1.8 (-3.9–8.5)

22.4 (17.1–32.3)

20.8 (16.4–23.0)

-2.1 (-12.2–3.1)

0.09

 MUFA (g)

17.6 (11.9–21.0)

24.8 (20.0–27.8)

7.9 (2.5–11.7)^§

13.1 (10.8–21.1)

12.9 (10.5–18.4)

-0.9 (-5.3–1.2)

 < 0.001**

 EPA (mg)

17.9 (4.5–60.9)

109.4 (86.7–130.3)

83.0 (47.0–105.9)^§

4.5 (1.0–86.6)

4.6 (1.4–12.6)

-0.4 (-81.9–3.6)

 < 0.001**

 DHA (mg)

88.4 (46.7–160.4)

119.8 (106.3–209.4)

48.7 (-74.9–145.3)

62.1 (34.4–372.6)

41.9 (27.8–73.7)

-20.4 (-149.4–1.6)^§

0.009**

Micronutrients

 Sodium (mg)

1138 (470–1966)

1132 (454–1615)

19 (-759–451)

1121 (668–1807)

1258 (656–1831)

15 (-554–601)

0.70

 Potassium (mg)

1463 (1004–2017)

1403 (934–2335)

89 (-522–668)

1336 (963–1972)

1346 (1024–2087)

170 (-521–589)

0.88

 Calcium (mg)

206 (156–299)

447 (319–759)

198 (113–384)^§

421 (225–564)

392 (249–588)

-47 (-332–317)

0.014*

 Magnesium (mg)

143 (106–202)

152 (129–218)

33 (-50–80)

133 (110–208)

149 (107–201)

12 (-34–69)

0.88

 Phosphorus (mg)

593 (466–777)

647 (499–732)

-4 (-165–189)

595 (498–769)

592 (490–773)

54 (-295–109)

0.57

 Iron (mg)

6.0 (4.7–8.8)

10.1 (8–13.7)

4.3 (2.0–6.3)^§

6.5 (4.6–10.4)

6.9 (3.2–9.8)

-1.2 (-2.5–1.8)

 < 0.001**

 Zinc (mg)

6.8 (5.0–8.2)

9.0 (8.3–9.6)

2.3 (0.6–3.4)^§

5.9 (4.9–7.4)

6.2 (5.5–6.7)

0.0 (-1.2–1.3)

0.001**

 Copper (μg)

42.9 (10.6–65.2)

423.5 (409.2–447.4)

397.1 (356.0–415.1)^§

39.3 (4.2–56.4)

13.6 (5.8–41.5)

-5.1 (-31.7–8.8)

 < 0.001**

 Vitamin E α-T.E (mg)

27.0 (16.9–34.6)

31.8 (20.3–36.8)

5.2 (-6.5–15.5)

31.6 (21.6–40.2)

26.9 (22.8–29.6)

-0.1 (-10.9–7.8)

0.11

 Vitamin C (mg)

68 (53–149)

91 (57–195)

24 (-35–114)

101 (43–166)

108 (63–215)

-13 (-71–109)

0.54

 Thiamine (mg)

0.8 (0.6–0.9)

1.2 (1–1.3)

0.4 (0.2–0.6)^§

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)

0.1 (-0.3–0.5)

0.037*

 Riboflavin (mg)

0.7 (0.5–1.2)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

0.5 (0.2–0.8)^§

0.9 (0.5–1.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.2)

0.1 (-0.3–0.3)

 < 0.011**

 Niacin (mg NE)

8.0 (5.6–11.3)

15.7 (13.2–17.1)

7.5 (3.3–9.7)^§

8.5 (5.1–12.1)

8.1 (5.5–12.6)

0.3 (-4.5–2.8)

 < 0.001**

 Vitamin B₆ (mg)

1.0 (0.9–1.4)

2.3 (2–2.6)

1.2 (0.9–1.4)^§

0.9 (0.7–1.5)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.0 (-0.1–0.2)

 < 0.001**

 Vitamin B₁₂ (μg)

1.8 (1.2–2.3)

2.7 (2.2–3.7)

1.1 (0.2–2.1)^§

1.2 (0.8–2.4)

1.5 (0.6–1.8)

-0.4 (-1.6–0.9)

0.006**

 Folate (μg)

150 (91–221)

313 (267–373)

162 (75–233)^§

125 (89–177)

107 (76–165)

-9 (-70–75)

 < 0.001**