Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients
From: Machine learning models to predict end-stage kidney disease in chronic kidney disease stage 4
Characteristics | Missing data (%) | Progressed to ESKD (n = 538) | Non-progressed to ESKD (n = 2,622) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 0 | 62 ± 14 | 70 ± 10 | < 0.0001 |
Female | 0 | 267 (50) | 1,428 (55) | Â |
Race | 0 | Â | Â | < 0.0001 |
Black | Â | 86 (16) | 315 (12) | Â |
Hispanic | Â | 57 (10.6) | 263 (10) | Â |
White | Â | 156 (29) | 1,055 (40.2) | Â |
Others | Â | 239 (44.0) | 989 (37.7) | Â |
BMI | 20 | 29.5 [25, 34.5] | 28 [25, 33] | 0.002 |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypertension | 0 | 404 (75) | 1,975 (75) | 0.90 |
Diabetes mellitus | 0 | 277 (52) | 1.245 (47) | 0.09 |
Congestive heart failure | 0 | 114 (21) | 587 (22) | 0.54 |
Myocardial infarction | 0 | 132 (25) | 792 (30) | 0.008 |
Stroke or TIA | 0 | 32 (6) | 179 (7) | 0.45 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 0 | 93 (17) | 484 (19) | 0.52 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0 | 238 (44) | 1,209 (46) | 0.42 |
Arrhythmia | 0 | 74 (13) | 552 (21) | < 0.0001 |
Valvular heart disease | 0 | 43 (8) | 282 (11) | 0.01 |
Pulmonary embolism | 0 | 7 (1) | 47 (2) | 0.42 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 0 | 17 (4) | 90 (4) | 0.75 |
Liver disease | 0 | 62 (12) | 322 (12) | 0.46 |
HIV infection | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0.65 |
Solid malignancy | 0 | 48 (9) | 492 (19) | < 0.0001 |
Lymphoma | 0 | 18 (3) | 98 (4) | 0.80 |
Anemia | 0 | 44 (8) | 222 (9) | 0.84 |
Peptic ulcer | 0 | 7 (1) | 59 (2) | 0.16 |
Connective tissue diseases | 0 | 20 (4) | 100 (4) | 0.92 |
Psychosis | 0 | 6 (1) | 36 (1) | 0.63 |
Depression | 0 | 55 (10) | 343 (13) | 0.07 |
RAAS inhibitor | 0 | 206 (38) | 1,062 (41) | 0.34 |
Vital signs | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Systolic blood pressure | 0 | 138 ± 26 | 132 ± 22 | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0 | 75 ± 13 | 73 ± 12 | < 0.0001 |
Heart rate | 6 | 76 ± 14 | 75 ± 14 | 0.13 |
Respiratory rate | 15 | 17 ± 3 | 17 ± 3 | 0.29 |
Laboratory values | Â | Â | Â | Â |
BUN | 0 | 47 ± 17 | 44 ± 17 | 0.0009 |
Creatinine | 0 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | < 0.0001 |
eGFR | 0 | 23.11 ± 4.46 | 25.78 ± 3.66 | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin | 3 | 11.1 ± 1.7 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | < 0.0001 |
Hematocrit | 3 | 33 ± 5 | 35 ± 5 | < 0.0001 |
Sodium | 0 | 140 ± 3 | 139 ± 4 | 0.0001 |
Potassium | 0 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.36 |
Bicarbonate | 0 | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 4 | < 0.0001 |
Calcium | 1 | 9.2 ± 0.7 | 9.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.0001 |
Phosphate | 0 | 3.9 ± 0.03 | 3.8 ± 0.7 | 0.0005 |
Albumin | 3 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 1.4 | 0.0009 |
SGPT | 6 | 17 [13, 25] | 17 [13, 25] | 0.39 |
Alkaline phosphatase | 7 | 90 [68,119] | 85 [66, 108] | 0.02 |
Total bilirubin | 7 | 0.3 [0.2, 0.5] | 0.4 [0.3, 0.6] | 0.04 |
Total cholesterol | 25 | 170 [141, 207] | 162 [137, 193] | < 0.0001 |
LDL | 28 | 91 [69, 1167] | 83 [64, 106] | < 0.0001 |
HDL | 28 | 51 [38, 61] | 48 [39, 60] | 0.76 |