Table 5 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression of the factors associated with DRPs among patients with kidney dysfunction at MRRH

Gender

Male

22 (20.2)

87 (79.8)

1.09 (0.51–2.31)

0.831

Female

14 (21.5)

51 (78.5)

1

Age group

< 50

20

68

1

>=50

16

70

1.29 (0.62–2.69)

0.503

Employment status *

Worker

25 (18.1)

113 (81.9)

3.01 (0.79–11.48)

0.106

4.43 (0.70-27.95)

0.113

Employee

7 (26.9)

19 (73.1)

1.81 (0.39–8.39)

0.448

7.61 (0.85–68.14)

0.07

Self-employed

4 (40)

6 (60)

1

Smoking history

No

32 (21.8)

115 (78.2)

1

Yes

4 (14.8)

23 (85.2)

1.6 (0.52–4.96)

0.416

Alcohol history *

No

23 (24.2)

72 (75.8)

1

Yes

13 (16.5)

66 (83.5)

1.62 (0.76–3.46)

0.211

1.99 (0.81–4.91)

0.136

Patients able to afford prescribed medicine*

No

1 (4.8)

20 (95.2)

5.93 (0.77–45.78)

0.088

2.0 (0.23–17.58)

0.534

Yes

35 (22.9)

118 (77.1)

1

Medicine use without a prescription

No

30 (20.5)

116 (79.5)

1.06 (0.39–2.83)

0.916

Yes

6 (21.4)

22 (78.6)

1

Herbal medicine use

No

34 (21.5)

124 (78.5)

1

Yes

2 (12.5)

14 (87.5)

1.92 (0.42–8.86)

0.403

Number of comorbidities

None

9 (25.0)

27 (75.0)

1

One

20 (21.1)

75 (78.9)

1.25 (0.51–3.08)

0.628

Two or more

7 (16.3)

36 (83.7)

1.71 (0.57–5.18)

0.34

Type of kidney disease

AKI

19 (20.9)

72 (79.1)

0.747 (0.36–1.56)

0.436

CKD

17 (20.5)

66 (79.5)

1

Polypharmacy

No

4 (21.1)

15 (78.9)

1

Yes

32 (20.6)

123 (79.4)

1.03 (0.32–3.30)

0.967

Hypertension

No

22 (23.7)

71 (76.3)

1

Yes

14 (17.3)

67 (82.7)

1.48 (0.70–3.14)

0.302

HIV*

No

26 (18.6)

114 (81.4)

1.83 (0.78–4.28)

0.166

1.6 (0.57–4.51)

0.386

Yes

10 (29.4)

24 (70.6)

1

Anaemia

No

8 (18.2)

36 (81.8)

1.33 (0.55–3.21)

0.527

Yes

26 (22.8)

88 (77.2)

1

Length of hospital stay*

<=2 days

14 (31.1)

31 (68.9)

1

3–4 days

17 (24.6)

52 (75.4)

1.38 (0.60–3.19)

0.449

1.76 (0.65–4.77)

0.268

>=5 days

5 (8.3)

55 (91.7)

4.97 (1.63–15.10)

0.005

6.39 (1.75–23.27)

0.005