Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Demographic variables

Age (year)

47.01 (0.32)

44.22 (0.40)

48.03 (0.51)

48.43 (0.40)

48.29 (0.55)

 < 0.0001

Gender (%)

 < 0.0001

 Female

51.81 (0.02)

46.70 (0.90)

45.68 (1.15)

53.61 (1.35)

63.66 (1.01)

 Male

48.19 (0.02)

53.30 (0.90)

54.32 (1.15)

46.39 (1.35)

36.34 (1.01)

Races (%)

 < 0.0001

 Mexican American

8.50 (0.01)

6.64 (0.93)

8.16 (1.32)

10.02 (1.64)

9.82 (1.92)

 Non-Hispanic Black

10.57 (0.01)

8.44 (0.80)

9.33 (1.03)

10.86 (1.10)

14.62 (1.64)

 Non-Hispanic White

69.39 (0.05)

71.30 (2.12)

70.43 (2.55)

68.80 (2.84)

66.23 (3.23)

 Other races

11.54 (0.01)

13.62 (1.48)

12.08 (1.67)

10.33 (1.21)

9.34 (1.27)

Education levels (%)

 < 0.0001

 < 9th Grade

6.69 (0.01)

5.45 (0.43)

6.77 (0.66)

7.27 (0.75)

7.73 (0.81)

 9-11th Grade

12.96 (0.01)

10.32 (0.75)

12.51 (1.01)

14.54 (0.81)

15.44 (1.12)

 High School Graduate

23.93 (0.02)

20.51 (0.89)

24.30 (1.61)

25.62 (1.39)

26.52 (1.07)

 Some College or AA degree

29.63 (0.01)

29.14 (1.12)

29.06 (1.33)

29.10 (1.27)

31.52 (1.26)

 College Graduate or above

26.79 (0.01)

34.58 (1.89)

27.36 (1.34)

23.46 (1.71)

18.78 (1.48)

PIR (%)

 < 0.0001

 < 1

13.18 (0.01)

11.88 (0.73)

13.31 (1.12)

14.45 (1.01)

18.30 (1.36)

 1–4

45.30 (0.02)

46.90 (1.73)

48.15 (1.70)

49.89 (1.82)

51.56 (1.46)

 > 4

34.10 (0.02)

41.22 (1.58)

38.54 (1.46)

35.66 (1.92)

30.15 (1.92)

BMI (%)

 < 0.0001

 Normal weight

31.10 (0.01)

53.33 (1.10)

30.26 (1.37)

20.92 (1.00)

13.57 (0.74)

 Overweight

33.10 (0.01)

34.56 (0.98)

39.66 (1.10)

35.00 (0.99)

24.08 (1.14)

 Obesity

34.30 (0.02)

12.10 (0.75)

30.08 (1.04)

44.08 (1.00)

62.34 (1.21)

Smoke (%)

 < 0.0001

 Former

24.42 (0.01)

23.27 (0.89)

24.05 (1.21)

24.99 (1.01)

25.86 (1.18)

 Never

54.11 (0.02)

58.24 (1.32)

55.26 (1.70)

52.02 (1.21)

49.40 (1.78)

 Now

21.44 (0.01)

18.49 (0.98)

20.69 (1.19)

22.99 (1.15)

24.74 (1.31)

Alcohol user (%)

 < 0.0001

 Yes

66.25 (0.03)

70.48 (1.11)

68.79 (1.37)

63.67 (2.01)

60.37 (1.76)

 No

33.75 (0.02)

29.52 (1.11)

31.21 (1.37)

36.33 (2.01)

39.63 (1.76)

 DM (%)

13.59 (0.01)

8.27 (0.78)

11.66 (0.64)

15.28 (0.79)

22.17 (1.18)

 < 0.0001

 Hypertension (%)

35.70 (0.02)

25.22 (1.20)

36.12 (1.27)

39.21 (1.71)

46.27 (1.33)

 < 0.0001

 CKD (%)

13.47 (0.01)

9.66 (0.51)

12.65 (0.87)

14.50 (0.77)

19.61 (0.91)

 < 0.0001

 Kidney stone (%)

9.08 (0.01)

7.59 (0.47)

8.77 (0.54)

9.64 (0.95)

10.89 (0.61)

0.01

Laboratory examination variables

 Serum uric acid (umol/L)

325.32 (1.42)

306.72 (1.95)

327.83 (2.17)

332.89 (2.18)

340.74 (2.78)

 < 0.0001

 Serum creatinine (mg/dl)

0.88 (0.01)

0.87 (0.01)

0.89 (0.01)

0.87 (0.01)

0.88 (0.01)

0.14

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.09 (0.02)

4.92 (0.02)

5.15 (0.03)

5.21 (0.04)

5.13 (0.03)

 < 0.0001

 Triglyceride (mmol/L)

1.49 (0.02)

1.25 (0.03)

1.48 (0.04)

1.66 (0.04)

1.67 (0.04)

 < 0.0001

 LDL (mmol/L)

3.00 (0.02)

2.83 (0.03)

3.05 (0.03)

3.06(0.33)

3.11 (0.03)

 < 0.0001

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.36 (0.01)

1.48 (0.01)

1.36 (0.02)

1.31 (0.01)

1.25 (0.01)

 < 0.0001

uACR (mg/g)

31.65 (2.90)

24.77 (5.42)

23.08 (3.05)

26.14 (3.09)

56.97 (9.59)

0.02

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

94.99 (0.55)

97.13 (0.56)

93.87 (0.65)

93.98 (0.77)

94.29 (0.79)

 < 0.0001

 CRP (mg/dl)

0.39 (0.01)

0.04 (0.01)

0.14 (0.01)

0.30 (0.01)

1.24 (0.02)

 < 0.0001

Nutrient intake variables

 Calcium (mg/d)

982.52 (11.70)

1024.60 (19.78)

1011.13 (19.74)

962.51

(18.73)

914.61

(14.20)

 < 0.0001

 Phosphorus (mg/d)

1390.92 (11.87)

2856.69 (42.44)

2826.23 (37.63)

2688.34 (41.93)

2490.04 (39.61)

 < 0.0001

 Sodium (mg/d)

3568.56 (29.82)

3719.60 (48.67)

3647.11 (50.41)

3509.56 (44.89)

3336.42 (48.81)

 < 0.0001

 Potassium (mg/d)

2729.11 (25.09)

2856.69 (42.44)

2826.23 (37.63)

2688.34 (41.93)

2490.04 (39.61)

 < 0.0001

 Total water drink (g/d)

409.12 (23.64)

418.52 (29.61)

400.32 (32.41)

390.12 (26.84)

426.30 (25.33)

0.5

 Protein (g/d)

83.27 (0.77)

86.05 (1.13)

86.43 (1.18)

81.90 (1.26)

77.47 (1.00)

 < 0.0001

 Fat (g/d)

81.93 (0.88)

85.78 (1.54)

83.89 (1.33)

80.52 (1.15)

76.59 (1.10)

 < 0.0001

 Carbohydrate (g/d)

261.46 (2.02)

273.34 (3.59)

265.25 (3.88)

257.10 (2.95)

245.46 (3.13)

 < 0.0001

 Total energy intake (g/d)

9.08 (0.01)

2262.19 (27.10)

2230.54 (30.11)

2126.39 (24.62)

2015.01 (22.45)

 < 0.0001