Table 4 Characteristics of studies on diagnostic accuracy of chronic kidney disease
Reference | Location | Population Selection Criteria | Study Timeframe | Sample Size | Gold-Standard Definition of Kidney Disease | Diagnostic Tool for Kidney Disease | Sensitivity & Specificity | Additional Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Study | Western New York | Outpatient data with two valid serum creatinine | 2016–2021 | 315,903 | KDOQI based on eGFR w/o race | 29 ICD-10 Codes | 50.3, 95.88 | Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures |
Paik, 2021 [4] | Harvard Medical School | Outpatient lab values | 2016–2018 | 373,220 | Lab-based eGFR within pre-specified windows | 3 ICD-10 Codes | - | PPV > 80% |
Ko, 2018 [23] | Melbourne, Australia | One eGFR < 60 | 2012 | 325 | KDIGO based on one eGFR | 44 ICD-10 Codes | 54.1, 90.2 | - |
Jalal, 2019 [3] | Western New York | Outpatient data with two valid serum creatinine | 2007–2014, 2016–2017 | 216,529 | KDOQI based on CKD-EPI eGFR | 27 ICD-9 Codes, 7 ICD-10 Codes | 32.2, 97.12 | Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures |
Chase et al. 2010 [24] | Columbia University Medical Center | Outpatient data with two elevated serum creatinine values | 2003–2006 | 175 | KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR | Electronic Health Records containing CKD documented in notes | 95.4–99.8 & 99.8 | All hypertensive patients |
Ronksley 2012 [25] | Alberta, Canada | Outpatient with two elevated serum creatinine values | 2004–2005 | 321,293 | KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR | 25 ICD-9 Codes | 18.9–29.3 & 94.6–98.5 | Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures |
Cipparone 2015 [11] | Buffalo, Kansas | Inpatient Chart Review | - | 325 | Chart review protocol based on KDOQI Guidelines | ICD-9 585.3 Code | - | Prevalence of misdiagnosis; no Sensitivity or Specificity |
Fleet 2013 [12] | Ontario, Canada | Outpatient age > 65 | 2007–2010 | 123,499 | CKD-EPI eGFR < 60; < 45; < 30 | Algorithm of hospital encounter and 11 ICD-9 Codes | 18 & 98.2 | Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure |
Winkelmayer 2005 [26] | Pennsylvania | Medicare Inpatients | 1999–2000 | 1,852 | CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60 | 22 ICD-9 Codes | 2–27 & 93–100 | Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure |
Kern 2006 [27] | US VA and Medicare Systems | Inpatient and Outpatient Diabetics in VA System | 1999–2000 | 263,730 | CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60 | 79 ICD-9 Codes | 20–41 & 95–99 | Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure |
Stevens 2005 [28] | Laboratory Corporation of America, Columbus, OH | Outpatient age > 39 | 2002–2003 | 277,111 | CKD-MDRD eGFR < 60 | 51 ICD-9 Codes | 10–51 & 95–98 | Gold-Standard based on only 1 eGFR measure |
Navaneethan 2011 [29] | Cleveland Clinic Patients | Outpatient with two elevated serum creatinine values and/or two ICD-9 diagnoses | 2005–2010 | 296,249 | KDOQI based on CKD-MDRD eGFR | 8 ICD-9 Codes | > 80 | Gold-Standard based on 2 eGFR measures |
Lardon 2015 [30] | French PMSI Hospitals | Inpatient age 12–65 or 80 | January, 2014 | 533 | eGFR | Drools rules engine based on EHR and ICD-10 | - | Analyzed hospital stays, rather than patients |