Fig. 3

Forest plot for the effect of ULT versus controls on the change in eGFR. A Categorized based on follow-up durations, B Subgroup-analysis according to renal function (the baseline mean eGFR). C Subgroup-analysis according to age. D Subgroup-analysis according to the countries of the included trails. Annotation: controls, placebo or no treatment; ULT, uric acid-lowering therapy; the studies were categorized into three segments based on their follow-up durations: short-term (3–6 months), long-term (> 6 months); the Golmohammadi (2017) [29] study were considered as two sub-studies: Golmohammadi-1(2017) and Golmohammadi-2 (2017); data are pooled WMDs with 95% CIs. WMD, Weight Mean differences; CI,confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate