Table 1 Summary of commonly examined risk factors

Demographics/ lifestyle

Increasing age

37 [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71]

64

51

79.7%

100% [36, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48, 50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58, 61,62,63,64,65,66, 68, 70, 71]

-

Demographics/ lifestyle

Female, gender

20 [39, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48, 50,51,52,53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66, 67, 72, 73]

32

13

40.6%

100% [42, 44,45,46,47, 52, 57, 61, 62]

-

Comorbidities

Presence of diabetes

19 [36, 39, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 49, 50, 55,56,57, 66, 67, 69,70,71, 74]

24

11

45.8%

90.0% [36, 42, 49, 50, 56, 57, 74]

9.1% [46]

Comorbidities

Presence of heart conditions

18 [36, 37, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 49, 50, 55, 64, 68, 70, 71, 74,75,76]

27

20

74.1%

95% [36, 37, 43,44,45,46, 49, 64, 68, 70, 71]

5% [68]

Biomarkers

Decreasing albumin levels

19 [44,45,46,47,48,49, 54,55,56, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 73, 77,78,79,80]

27

20

74.1%

100% [44,45,46, 61, 66]

-

Biomarkers

Increasing C-reactive protein

12 [38, 43, 47, 48, 63, 65, 71, 78, 80,81,82,83]

27

22

81.5%

100% [38, 43, 47, 48, 65, 78, 82, 83]

-

Biomarkers

Increasing haemoglobin levels

10 [22, 42, 44,45,46,47, 55, 56, 67, 80, 84]

29

11

37.9%

-

100% [42, 44,45,46, 56]

Frailty status

Lower body mass index

11 [42, 44,45,46,47, 52, 56, 64, 79]

23

16

69.6%

75% [44,45,46]

25% [42, 64]

Frailty status

Poor functional status

9 [44,45,46, 53, 85,86,87,88,89]

20

15

75.0%

100% [44,45,46, 85,86,87,88,89]

-