Table 5 Infectious and non-infectious causes of diarrhea in kidney transplant recipients

Bacterial

-Clostridium difficile

-Salmonella spp.

-Campylobacter spp.

-Escherichia coli Aeromonas spp.

-Bacterial overgrowth

Parasitic

-Giardia

-Cryptosporidium

- Cytoisospora; Cyclospora; Micrsporidium

-Entamoeba

Viruses

-Cytomegalovirus

-Norovirus

-Rotavirus

-Adenovirus

-Enterovirus

-Sapovirus

Non-Infectious

Immunosuppressive medications

-MMF

-Tacrolimus

-Cyclosporine

--Sirolimus

Non-immunosuppressive medications

-Antibiotics

-Laxatives; Magnesium supplementation

-Proton pump inhibitors

-Anti-diabetes agents

-Anti-arrhythmic agents

-Protease inhibitors

Miscellaneous

-Malabsorption

-Colon cancer

-Post transplant lymphoproliferative disease

-Graft vs. host disease

-Irritable/Inflammatory bowel disease