Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
First Author | Year of publication | Population | Study design | State | Exclusively done on children | Snake species | Indication/ timing of biopsy | Total Number of Snakebite Patients | Total Number of snake bite induced AKI cases | Total Number of Renal Biopsies | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chugh et al., [8] | 1975 | AKI following snake-bite | Cohort with follow-up | Chandigarh | No | Russell’s viper | NR | 69 | 8 | 8 |
2 | Basu et al., [9] | 1977 | Patients with AKI following viperine bite | Cross-sectional | West Bengal | No | Russell’s viper | Early diuretic phase | NR | 45 | 37 |
3 | Shastry et al., [10] | 1977 | Patients with AKI following snake bite | Cohort with follow-up | Tamilnadu | No | Russell’s viper | Day 4 to 31 | NR | 19 | 19 |
4 | Sarangi et al., [11] | 1980 | AKI following viperine snake bite | Cross-sectional | Odisha | No | Russell’s viper | After oliguric phase of AKI | 48 | 23 | 22 |
5 | Date et al., [12] | 1982 | Patient with AKI following snake bite | Cross-sectional | Tamil nadu | No | Russell’s viper | Biopsy timing varied from 5–22 days. | NR | 9 | 9 |
6 | Chugh et al., [13] | 1984 | AKI following snake bite. Study was conducted to describe renal histopathological lesions in AKI following snakebite in humans and to know the effects of viperine venoms on the renal structure and function in subhuman primates. | Cross-sectional | Chandigarh | No | NR | During the polyuric phase. | 157 | 45 | 35 |
7 | Date et al., [14] | 1986 | Patient with AKI following snake bite | Cross-sectional | Tamilnadu | No | Russell’s viper | NR | NR | 24 | 15 |
8 | Acharya et al. [15], | 1989 | AKI following viper-ine snake bite | Prospective | Maharashtra | 4 patients were children below the age of 10years. | Russell’s viper and Echis carinutus were the main snakes identified. One case of renal failure with sea snake bite was reported | 1.5 to 8 weeks | NR | 50 | 29 |
9 | Chugh et al., [16] | 1989 | All patients with snakebite with treated for viper bite [presumed] poisoning. | Cross-sectional | Chandigarh | No | Russell’s viper and Echis carinatus | NR | 246 | 70 | 44 |
10 | BV Mittal et al., [17] | 1994 | Patient with AKI following snake bite were included | Cross-sectional | Maharashtra | No | Russell’s viper in 14 (34%), Echis carinatus or saw scaled viper in 20 (48%) and sea snake in one case. | Varied from 3–8 weeks | 253 | 41 | 41 |
11 | Chugh et al., [18] | 1994 | Patients dialysed for AKI and diagnosed to have ACN | Cohort with follow-up | Chandigarh | No | NR | NR | 16 | 16 | 16 |
12 | Vijeth et al., [19] | 1997 | Adult cases of viper bite with systemic envenomation | Observational | Pondicherry | No | Russell’s viper | Persistant renal dysfunction | 40 | 13 | 3 |
13 | Golay et al., [20] | 2012 | Patients with AKI after snake bite | Cohort with follow-up | West Bengal | No | Russell’s viper | In patients who remained oliguric or the serum creatinine did not decrease to less than 50% of the attained peak value at the end of 3 weeks | NR | 42 | 13 |
14 | Waikhom et al. [21], | 2012 | Post snake bite patients who developed dialysis-requiring AKI and had survived | Prospective observational | West bengal | No | Russell’s viper | NR | 499 | 410 | 10 |
15 | Waikhom et al., [22] | 2013 | All pediatric patients with AKI following Russell’s viper bite | Prospective study, supplemented by a retrospective chart review | West bengal | Children < 15 years were included | Russell’s viper | NR | NR | 61 | 5 |
16 | Golay et al. [23], | 2013 | Post snake bite patients with AKI who had survived | Prospective study, | West bengal | No | Russell’s viper in 7 out of 9 cases (77%), 2 were unidentified | In whom AKI did not resolve by the end of 3 weeks | 126 | - | 4 |
17 | Mukhopadhyay et al., [24] | 2016 | All snakebite patient who received hemodialysis | Cross-sectional | West bengal | 29 patients were of age ≤ 18 years | NR | NR | 460 | 203 | 3 |
18 | Vikrant et al., [25] | 2017 | Patients with definitive history of snake bite; clinical picture consistent with snake bite, as presence of fang marks or cellulitis or coagulopathy or neuroparalysis; presence of AKI as defined using KDIGO criteria based on serum creatinine and presence of at least one or more indication of RRT | Retrospective | Himachal pradesh | No | NR | Patients who remain oligoanuric or whose serum creatinine did not decrease satisfactorily at the end of 3 weeks underwent kidney biopsy | 447 | 81 | 22 |
19 | Priyamvada et al., [26] | 2016 | Patients diagnosed with snake envenomation-induced AIN | Retrospective | Puducherry | No | Daboia russelii 22.2% (n = 41) Echis carinatus, 14.1% (n = 26). The species of snake was not identified in 117 patients (63.6%). | Renal biopsies are performed if the serum creatinine remains greater than 2 mg/dL 4 weeks post-envenomation. | NR | 88 | 7 |
20 | Dinesh kumar et al., [27] | 2018 | Patients with AKI after snake bite and kidney biopsy showing AIN | Prospective observational | Tamil Nadu | No | Russell’s viper 25% (n = 5), saw-scaled viper 20% (n = 4), and krait 5 % (n = 1) | Renal biopsy were performed if kidney dusfunction persisted for more than 3 weeks or earlier if persistant anuria for more than 2–3 weeks or pathology other than ATN was suspected for example fragmented RBCs in peripheral smear.10–40 days | 196 | 196 | Total 85 biopsies were done. Results for Twenty (23.5%) patients who underwent biopsy had AIN were presented in the study |
21 | Shaktirajan et al., [28] | 2018 | Cases of AKI with renal biopsy showing pigment nephropathy | Retrospective observational | Tamil Nadu | No | NR | Patients with persistent oliguria for > 7 days and renal failure for > 14 days despite supportive treatment. | 10 | 10 | 10 |
22 | Priyamvada et al., [29] | 2020 | All adult patients with AKI following haemotoxic snake envenomation were recruited | Prospective observational | Puducherry | No | Species identification was not done in 2 patients, and the rest were Daboia russelii (as reported by the patients) | Persistant renal dysfunction beyond 3 months | 420 | 184 | 3 |
23 | Rao et al., [30] | 2019 | Patients with age > 18 years with definitive history of snake bite( consistent clinical picture like the presence of fang marks, cellulitis, coagulopathy, neuroparalysis) and presence of AKI (as per KDIGO 2012 guidelines) | Case-record‐based retrospective analysis | Karnataka | No | NR | At day 18 in one patient and at day 31 in another patient | 103 | 103 | 2 |
24 | Islam et al. [31] | 2020 | Paients with hematotoxic snake envenomation characterized mainly by a positive 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT) admitted in pediatric emergency ward | Comparative | West Bengal | Yes ( Mean age 5.8 ± 1) years | NR | Children suffering who suffered from permanent renal damage and who died. | 371 | 139 | 64 |
25 | Kumar M et al., [32] | 2022 | Patients with AKI with (1) Definitive history of snake bite; (2) Clinical picture suggestive of snake bite with the presence of a fang mark. | Retrospective recruitment followed by a prospective follow | Chennai | No | Snake species was identified in 29 patients (18.2%)—Cobra in three, Russell’s viper in 14, Saw scaled viper in seven and Krait in five. | NR | 769 | 159 | 41 |
26 | Ariga et al. [33] | 2021 | All adult patients with AKI (as per KDIGO criterion) survived the episode and were discharged | Retrospective and prospective observational (Ambidirectional) | Puducherry | No | Unidentified 98 (50.7%) Russell’s viper 85 (445) Saw-scaled viper 10 (5.3%) | NR | NR | 193 | 6 |
27 | Acharaya et al., [34] | 2023 | All adult patients with AKI (as per KDIGO criterion) following haemotoxic snake envenomation were recruited | Prospective | Odisha | no | Viperidae species | NR | NR | 202 | 30 |
28 | Prema et al., [35] | 2023 | Patients with hemoglobulin cast nephropathy | Retrospective analysis | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 16 |