Table 1 Baseline characteristics and study assignment of patients by tertiles of SBP-wSD

Demographic

 Age, y

47.53 ± 14.06

42.55 ± 12.77

47.26 ± 13.97 *

52.81 ± 13.52*‡

< 0.001

 Male, N (%)

1501(56.0)

492(55.0)

515(57.6)

494(55.5)

0.495

 BMI, kg/m²

24.18 ± 4.20

23.49 ± 4.25

24.22 ± 4.16 *

24.82 ± 4.08*‡

< 0.001

 Current smoker, N (%)

505(18.9)

132(14.7)

182(20.4) *

191(21.5) *

0.001

 Alcohol intake, N (%)

417(15.6)

136(15.2)

147(16.4)

134(15.1)

0.673

 Diabetes mellitus, N (%)

592(22.1)

95(10.6)

176(19.7) *

321(36.1) *‡

< 0.001

 CVD history, N (%)

384(14.3)

81(9.1)

114(12.8) *

189(21.2) *‡

< 0.001

 Hypertension history, N (%)

1360(50.8)

303(33.9)

461(51.6) *

596(67.0)*‡

< 0.001

 Statins, N (%)

711(26.5)

198(22.1)

223(24.9)

290(32.6)*‡

< 0.001

Etiology of CKD

 Glomerulonephritis, N (%)

1621(60.5)

618(69.1)

558(62.4) *

445(50.0) *‡

< 0.001

 Diabetic kidney disease, N (%)

296(11.0)

33(3.7)

81(9.1) *

182(20.4) *‡

< 0.001

 Hypertensive nephropathy, N (%)

168(6.3)

38(4.2)

52(5.8)

78(8.8) *‡

< 0.001

 Lupus nephropathy, N (%)

84(3.1)

27(3.0)

24(2.7)

33(3.7)

0.449

 Others, N (%)

510(19.0)

179(20.0)

179(20.0)

152(17.1)

0.190

Laboratory

 FBG, mmol/L

4.80(4.32,5.50)

4.64(4.24,5.14)

4.80(4.34,5.45)

5.00(4.45,6.00)*‡

< 0.001

 Hemoglobin, g/L

124.66 ± 25.92

128.55 ± 23.58

126.39 ± 26.57

119.00 ± 26.55*‡

< 0.001

 Serum albumin, g/L

38.63(33.40,42.00)

39.20(34.20,42.50)

39.00(33.75,42.35)

37.70(32.58,41.40)

0.007

 Uric acid, mmol/L

425.64 ± 120.82

409.18 ± 119.08

429.48 ± 122.38 *

438.35 ± 119.26*

< 0.001

 Cholesterol, mmol/L

4.74(3.93,5.89)

4.67(3.90,5.69)

4.78(3.94,5.87)

4.80(3.93,6.09)

0.935

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.10(0.90,1.37)

1.13(0.94,1.43)

1.10(0.89,1.38)

1.07(0.88,1.32)*

0.008

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.76(2.11,3.57)

2.73(2.14,3.48)

2.77(2.10,3.52)

2.77(2.11,3.77)

0.954

 Serum calcium, mmol/L

2.15(2.02,2.25)

2.16(2.03,2.25)

2.15(2.02,2.25)

2.13(2.02,2.25)

0.643

 Serum phosphate, mmol/L

1.09(0.94,1.28)

1.06(0.91,1.25)

1.09(0.94,1.28)

1.10 (0.95,1.33)

< 0.001

 iPTH, pmol/L

5.11(3.35,9.30)

4.66(3.20,7.27)

4.88(3.21,9.44) *

6.02(3.72,11.75)*‡

< 0.001

 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

6.20(4.58,10.00)

5.50(4.20,8.10)

6.10(4.60,9.90) *

7.40(5.10,12.40)*‡

< 0.001

 Serum creatinine, µmol/L

100.00(72.00,175.00)

89.00(67.00,137.00)

100.25 (72.00,176.25)*

116.00(80.75,226.00)*‡

< 0.001

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

69.00(35.00,101.00)

85.00(51.00,108.00)

70.00 (34.00,102.00)*

55.00(24.00,88.00)*‡

< 0.001

 UACR, mg/g

475.88(60.19,1744.94)

308.91(34.74,1410.84)

407.53(58.60,1528.00)

756.31(93.23,2456.83)*‡

< 0.001

Blood pressure indices

 Clinic-SBP, mmHg

135.43 ± 23.87

124.91 ± 19.21

135.07 ± 22.57*

146.38 ± 24.54*‡

< 0.001

 Clinic-DBP, mmHg

85.62 ± 14.46

82.24 ± 12.71

86.31 ± 13.98*

88.33 ± 15.88*‡

< 0.001

 24 h-mean SBP, mmHg

124.10 ± 16.21

115.59 ± 12.27

122.38 ± 14.03*

134.37 ± 16.15*‡

< 0.001

 24 h-mean DBP, mmHg

81.09 ± 11.72

77.47 ± 10.35

80.66 ± 11.21*

85.17 ± 12.23*‡

< 0.001

 Hypertension by clinic-SBP, N (%)

1052(39.3)

176(19.7)

343(38.4)*

533(59.9)*‡

< 0.001

 Hypertension by clinic-DBP, N (%)

950(35.5)

230(25.7)

331(37.0)*

389(43.7)*‡

< 0.001

 24 h-SBP SD, mmHg

12.41 ± 3.70

9.08 ± 1.39

11.81 ± 1.27*

16.36 ± 3.25*‡

< 0.001

 24 h-DBP SD, mmHg

10.08 ± 3.26

8.41 ± 1.64

9.91 ± 1.79*

11.94 ± 4.46*‡

< 0.001

 Daytime-SBP SD, mmHg

12.20 ± 3.87

8.71 ± 1.34

11.56 ± 1.28*

16.35 ± 3.42*‡

< 0.001

 Daytime-DBP SD, mmHg

9.82 ± 3.00

8.10 ± 1.70

9.73 ± 3.22*

11.65 ± 2.72*‡

< 0.001

 Nighttime-SBP SD, mmHg

9.41 ± 3.54

7.14 ± 2.13

9.15 ± 2.34*

11.94 ± 4.00*‡

< 0.001

 Nighttime-DBP SD, mmHg

7.90 ± 2.83

6.53 ± 2.16

7.89 ± 2.37*

9.29 ± 3.14*‡

< 0.001

 SBP wSD, mmHg

11.41 ± 3.32

8.28 ± 1.02

10.88 ± 0.74*

15.10 ± 2.78*‡

< 0.001

 DBP wSD, mmHg

9.28 ± 2.46

7.67 ± 1.44

9.19 ± 2.33*

10.99 ± 2.26*‡

< 0.001

 Dippers, N (%)

466(17.4)

118(13.2)

176(19.7)*

172(19.3)*

< 0.001

 Non-dippers, N (%)

1562(58.3)

611(68.3)

519(58.1)*

432(48.5)*‡

< 0.001

 Risers, N (%)

645(24.1)

169(18.9)

199(22.3)

277(31.1)*‡

< 0.001

 Extreme dippers, N (%)

17(0.6)

1(0.1)

4(0.4)

12(1.3)*

0.003

Antihypertensive treatment

 Antihypertension drugs, N (%)

1108(41.4)

252(28.2)

365(40.8) *

491(55.2) *‡

< 0.001

 ACEI, N (%)

142(5.3)

51(5.7)

48(5.4)

43(4.8)

0.712

 ARB, N (%)

753(28.1)

244(27.3)

264(29.5)

245(27.5)

0.507

 β-blockers, N (%)

477(17.8)

105(11.7)

160(17.9)*

212(23.8)*‡

< 0.001

 Calcium channel blockers, N (%)

1153(43.0)

244(27.3)

390(43.6)*

519(58.3)*‡

< 0.001

 Others, N (%)

193(7.2)

29(3.2)

52(5.8)*

112(12.6)*‡

< 0.001