Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population before and after PS matching for the primary outcome

Variables used for PS calculation

 Age (years), median (IQR)

70 (63–76)

70 (63–77)

70 (63–76)

70 (63–76)

Categorized, n (%)

 20–49

55 (5.3)

511 (5.8)

55 (5.3)

255 (5.6)

 50–59

122 (11.7)

1,076 (12.3)

122 (11.7)

494 (10.8)

 60–69

327 (31.3)

2,700 (30.8)

327 (31.5)

1,460 (31.9)

 70–79

406 (38.8)

3,030 (34.6)

399 (38.4)

1,729 (37.8)

  ≥ 80

136 (13.0)

1,441 (16.5)

136 (13.1)

637 (13.9)

Male sex, n (%)

689 (65.9)

5,654 (64.6)

683 (65.7)

2,963 (64.8)

Hospital size by number of beds,

n (%)

  > 500

112 (10.7)

1,836 (21.0)

112 (10.8)

569 (12.4)

 300–499

634 (60.6)

4,051 (46.3)

627 (60.3)

2,555 (55.8)

 100–299

300 (28.7)

2,844 (32.5)

300 (28.9)

1451 (31.7)

 20–99

0 (0.0)

10 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  < 20

0 (0.0)

17 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR)

7.2 (2.0–13.1)

5.1 (0.7–11.0)

7.1 (2.0–13.1)

6.4 (1.2–12.0)

Categorized, n (%)

 0–5

420 (40.2)

4,332 (49.5)

420 (40.4)

1,991 (43.5)

 5–15

435 (41.6)

3,274 (37.4)

433 (41.7)

1,872 (40.9)

 15–25

170 (16.3)

1,032 (11.8)

166 (16.0)

634 (13.9)

  ≥ 25

21 (2.0)

120 (1.4)

20 (1.9)

78 (1.7)

Index eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²), median (IQR)

56 (43–70)

61 (45–74)

57(43–70)

57(43–71)

Categorized, n (%)

 G2: 60–90

443 (42.4)

4,604 (52.6)

443 (42.6)

1,987 (43.4)

 G3a: 45–60

311 (29.7)

2,014 (23.0)

308 (29.6)

1,341 (29.3)

 G3b: 30–45

190 (18.2)

1,299 (14.8)

186 (17.9)

811 (17.7)

 G4: 15–30

102 (9.8)

841 (9.6)

102 (9.8)

436 (9.5)

Medication use, n (%)

 Oral hypoglycemic agents

847 (81.0)

5,726 (65.4)

840 (80.8)

3,593 (78.5)

 Insulin

306 (29.3)

2,019 (23.1)

302 (29.1)

1,209 (26.4)

 Ca blockers

454 (43.4)

2,762 (31.5)

449 (43.2)

1,879 (41.1)

 RAS-antagonists

588 (56.2)

3,523 (40.2)

581 (55.9)

2,426 (53.0)

 β-blockers

174 (16.6)

1,026 (11.7)

170 (16.4)

690 (15.1)

 Lipid-lowering agents

512 (48.9)

3,375 (38.5)

506 (48.7)

2,140 (46.8)

 Uric acid-lowering agents

172 (16.4)

920 (10.5)

167 (16.1)

673 (14.7)

Procedure, n (%)

 Percutaneous coronary intervention

61 (5.8)

202 (2.3)

54 (5.2)

164 (3.6)

 Coronary artery bypass grafting

3 (0.3)

11 (0.1)

3 (0.3)

9 (0.2)

 Cerebral vascular surgery

1 (0.1)

3 (0.0)

1 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

Variables not used for PS calculation

 BMI (kg/m²), mean (SD)

25.5 (4.4)

24.9 (4.6)

25.6 (4.4)

25.1 (4.5)

Categorized, n (%)

  < 18.5

14 (1.3)

107 (1.2)

14 (1.3)

48 (1.0)

 18.5–25.0

173 (16.5)

937 (10.7)

169 (16.3)

508 (11.1)

  ≥ 25.0

196 (18.7)

828 (9.5)

194 (18.7)

490 (10.7)

Missing data

663 (63.4)

6,886 (78.6)

662 (63.7)

3,529 (77.1)

Smoking, n (%)

 Non-smoker

214 (20.5)

1,012 (11.6)

210 (20.2)

556 (12.2)

 Past or current smoker

146 (14.0)

811 (9.3)

144 (13.9)

467 (10.2)

 Missing data

686 (65.6)

6,935 (79.2)

685 (65.9)

3,552 (77.6)

 HbA1c (%), median (IQR)

7.2 (6.6–7.9)

7.1 (6.5– 8.0)

7.2 (6.6–7.9)

7.1 (6.5–8.1)

Categorized, n (%)

  < 6.0

37 (3.5)

772 (8.8)

37 (3.6)

389 (8.5)

 6.0–7.0

369 (35.3)

3,136 (35.8)

366 (35.2)

1,622 (35.5)

 7.0–8.0

375 (35.9)

2,470 (28.2)

373 (35.9)

1,305 (28.5)

  ≥ 8.0

252 (24.1)

2,249 (25.7)

251 (24.2)

1,199 (26.2)

Missing data

13 (1.2)

131 (1.5)

12 (1.2)

60 (1.3)

Proteinuria^a, n (%)

 -

285 (27.2)

3,903 (44.6)

285 (27.4)

1,855 (40.5)

  ± 

212 (20.3)

1,352 (15.4)

212 (20.4)

711 (15.5)

 1 + 

196 (18.7)

1,094 (12.5)

195 (18.8)

640 (14.0)

 2 + 

128 (12.2)

802 (9.2)

128 (12.3)

436 (9.5)

 3 + 

66 (6.3)

563 (6.4)

66 (6.4)

329 (7.2)

 4 + 

6 (0.6)

83 (0.9)

6 (0.6)

46 (1.0)

Missing data

153 (14.6)

961 (11.0)

147 (14.1)

558 (12.2)

LDL-C (mg/dl), mean (SD)

103 (32)

108 (33)

103 (32)

106 (33)

Categorized, n (%)

  < 100

398 (38.0)

3,023 (34.5)

398 (38.3)

1,679 (36.7)

 100–120

180 (17.2)

1,657 (18.9)

180 (17.3)

854 (18.7)

 120–140

124 (11.9)

1,197 (13.7)

123 (11.8)

585 (12.8)

 140–160

51 (4.9)

613 (7.0)

51 (4.9)

289 (6.3)

  ≥ 160

43 (4.1)

431 (4.9)

43 (4.1)

202 (4.4)

Missing data

250 (23.9)

1,837 (21.0)

244 (23.5)

966 (21.1)

Uric acid (mg/dl), mean (SD)

5.9 (1.6)

6.1 (4.2)

5.9 (1.7)

6.2 (4.1)

Categorized, n (%)

  < 7.0

776 (74.2)

6,368 (72.7)

771 (74.2)

3,275 (71.6)

 7.0–8.0

123 (11.8)

855 (9.8)

121 (11.6)

464 (10.1)

 8.0–9.0

38 (3.6)

318 (3.6)

38 (3.7)

179 (3.9)

  ≥ 9.0

32 (3.1)

311 (3.6)

32 (3.1)

182 (4.0)

Missing data

77 (7.4)

906 (10.3)

77 (7.4)

475 (10.4)

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

860 (82.2)

6,308 (72.0)

853 (82.1)

3,616 (79.0)

 Hyperlipidemia

777 (74.3)

5,654 (64.6)

771 (74.2)

3,144 (68.7)

 Ischemic heart disease

433 (41.4)

3,047 (34.8)

426 (41.0)

1,724 (37.7)

 Hyperuricemia

220 (21.0)

1,317 (15.0)

215 (20.7)

834 (18.2)

 Observation period^b (years), median (IQR)

3.5 (2.1–4.9)

4.0 (2.6–5.9)

3.5 (2.2–4.9)

3.9 (2.6–5.9)