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Table 1 Baseline characteristics in training and validation cohorts

From: Navigating the future of diabetes: innovative nomogram models for predicting all-cause mortality risk in diabetic nephropathy

Characteristic

Total N = 2682

Training Cohort N = 1,877

Validation Cohort N = 805

P

Gender

   

0.5

 Male

1386(51.7%)

978 (52.1%)

408 (50.7%)

 

 Female

1296 (48.3%)

899 (47.9%)

397 (49.3%)

 

Age

64.7 ± 12.1

65 ± 12

65 ± 12

0.729

Race

   

0.612

 Mexican American

415 (15.5%)

290 (15.5%)

125 (15.5%)

 

 Other Hispanic

280 (10.4%)

195 (10.4%)

85 (10.6%)

 

 Non-Hispanic White

989 (36.9%)

677 (36.1%)

312 (38.8%)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

776 (28.9%)

559 (29.8%)

217 (27.0%)

 

 Others

222 (8.3%)

156 (8.3%)

66 (8.2%)

 

Education

   

0.834

 Less than high school

959 (35.8%)

665 (35.4%)

294 (36.5%)

 

 High school diploma or GED

615 (22.9%)

435 (23.2%)

180 (22.4%)

 

 More than high school

1108 (41.3%)

777 (41.4%)

331 (41.1%)

 

PIR

   

0.647

 < 1

658 (24.5%)

461 (24.6%)

197 (24.5%)

 

 1–3

1311 (48.9%)

908 (48.4%)

403 (50.1%)

 

 > 3

713 (26.7%)

508 (27.1%)

205 (25.5%)

 

BMI

   

0.513

 < 25

361(13.5%)

247 (13.2%)

114 (14.2%)

 

 25–30

744(27.7%)

513 (27.3%)

231 (28.7%)

 

 > 30

1577(58.8)

1,117 (59.5%)

460 (57.1%)

 

Smoke status

   

0.932

 Never

869 (32.4%)

609 (32.4%)

260 (32.3%)

 

 Former

1473 (54.9%)

1,033 (55.0%)

440 (54.7%)

 

 Current

340 (12.7%)

235 (12.5%)

105 (13.0%)

 

 Drink

1184 (44.1%)

829 (44.2%)

355 (44.1%)

0.975

 Hypertension

1960 (73.1%)

1,376 (73.3%)

584 (72.5%)

0.683

 Heart failure

323 (12.0%)

229 (12.2%)

94 (11.7%)

0.703

 CAD

575 (21.4%)

409 (21.8%)

166 (20.6%)

0.499

 Stroke

292 (10.9%)

188 (10.0%)

104 (12.9%)

0.027

 HbA1c %

7.40 ± 1.77

7.39 ± 1.78

7.41 ± 1.74

0.763

 TC mmol/L

4.75 ± 1.21

4.72 ± 1.22

4.81 ± 1.19

0.094

 TG mmol/L

2.18 ± 1.73

2.17 ± 1.78

2.22 ± 1.61

0.435

 HDL mmol/L

1.24 ± 0.38

1.25 ± 0.39

1.22 ± 0.37

0.127

 ALT U/L

26 ± 35

27 ± 40

25 ± 18

0.228

 AST U/L

27 ± 25

27 ± 21

27 ± 32

0.884

 Albumin g/L

41.2 ± 3.5

41.2 ± 3.6

41.0 ± 3.3

0.209

 BUN mmol/L

6.54 ± 3.35

6.55 ± 3.42

6.50 ± 3.19

0.670

 UA mg/dL

6.12 ± 1.65

6.11 ± 1.65

6.16 ± 1.64

0.452

 ACR

241 ± 874

246 ± 914

227 ± 774

0.577

 eGFR

52 ± 19

52 ± 19

52 ± 19

0.763

 Follow-up, month

82.15 ± 37.73

82.07 ± 37.43

82.61 ± 36.31

0.836

 Death

772 (28.8%)

532 (27.28%)

240 (29.81%)

0.594

  1. Number and proportion were presented for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation were presented for continuous variables
  2. PIR Poverty Income Ratio, BMI Body Mass Index, CAD Coronary Artery Disease, HbA1c Glycated Hemoglobin, TC Total Cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL High-density lipoprotein, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen, UA Uric Acid, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
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