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Table 1 Baseline features of the study population across the median of UPFs

From: The role of ultra-processed food consumption in protein-energy wasting and sarcopenia development in patients with chronic kidney diseases

Variables

UPFs (energy %)

M1 (n = 54)

M2 (n = 56)

P-value

Age (year) 1

66.00 (21.00)

64.00 (19.00)

0.163

BMI (kg/m2) 2

28.25 ± 4.97

27.82 ± 6.28

0.693

Sarcopenia, yes (%) 3

5 (9.30)

11 (19.60)

0.101

PEW, yes (%) 3

5 (9.30)

11 (19.60)

0.101

Sex, male (%) 3

23 (42.60)

37 (66.10)

0.011

Muscle weight (kg) 1

19.70 (7.00)

22.20 (7.40)

0.033

Fat percentage (%) 2

29.34 ± 8.69

25.13 ± 10.01

0.020

MAC (cm) 1

29.00 (6.00)

29.00 (5.00)

0.757

ASM (kg/m2) 2

8.26 ± 1.39

8.34 ± 1.68

0.763

HGS (kg) 1

15.50 (10.00)

18.00 (12.00)

0.091

Walk duration (second) 1

7.00 (1.00)

7.00 (2.00)

0.441

Chair sitting (second) 1

14.00 (3.30)

13.50 (5.00)

0.521

SGA 1

8.50 (4.00)

9.50 (4.00)

0.170

Smoking, yes (%) 3

11 (20.40)

12 (21.40)

0.539

Physical activity (%) 3

  

0.124

Low

42 (77.80)

37 (66.10)

 

Moderate

12 (22.20)

19 (33.90)

 

Marital status (%) 3

  

0.520

Single

3 (5.60)

4 (7.10)

 

Married

51 (94.40)

52 (92.90)

 

eGFR (mL/min/1.7m2) 2

29.82 ± 11.26

35.39 ± 14.93

0.029

Hemoglobin (gr/dL) 2

12.24 ± 2.00

12.83 ± 2.25

0.152

Albumin (gr/dL) 2

4.09 ± 0.42

4.08 ± 0.43

0.968

Iron (µg/dL) 2

75.05 ± 35.63

70.37 ± 33.96

0.544

Ferritin (ng/mL) 2

151.55 ± 139.69

101.79 ± 102.55

0.046

TIBC (mcg/dL) 1

289.00 (79.00)

331.00 (86.00)

0.097

ALT (IU/L) 2

21.57 ± 8.62

23.34 ± 11.87

0.437

AST (IU/L) 1

20.00 (9.00)

21.00 (6.00)

0.715

PTH (pg/mL) 1

71.20 (59.90)

46.00 (39.10)

0.003

Vitamin D3 level (ng/mL) 2

37.44 ± 15.38

32.25 ± 14.92

0.081

BUN (mg/dL) 2

32.77 ± 15.96

31.25 ± 14.84

0.605

Creatinine (mg/dL) 1

21.30 (0.99)

1.92 (0.90)

0.669

Urine creatinine (mg/dL) 2

868.35 ± 396.07

872.26 ± 394.41

0.959

FBS (mg/dL) 1

99.00 (51.00)

96.00 (18.00)

0.736

TG (mg/dL) 2

142.78 ± 70.71

158.57 ± 105.15

0.399

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 2

154.04 ± 39.53

149.77 ± 38.17

0.566

LDL-C (mg/dL) 2

87.95 ± 26.73

80.45 ± 26.51

0.190

HDL-C (mg/dL) 2

42.31 ± 9.65

43.13 ± 15.25

0.766

PCO2 (mmHg) 2

41.02 ± 5.66

47.42 ± 53.94

0.388

PO2 (mmHg) 1

29.60 (17.80)

34.60 (15.00)

0.097

HCO3 (mmol/L) 2

23.38 ± 3.59

21.79 ± 3.42

0.019

UPFs (kcal) 1

118.10 (62.88)

264.39 (134.60)

<0.001

  1. BMI Body mass index, PEW Protein-energy wasting, MAC Mid-arm circumference, ASM Appendicular skeletal muscle mass, HGS Handgrip strength, SGA Subjective global assessment, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, TIBC Total iron-binding capacity, ALT Alanine transaminase, AST Aspartate transaminase, PTH Parathyroid hormone, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, FBS Fasting blood sugar, TG Triglyceride, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, UPFs Ultra-processed foods, PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PO2 Partial pressure of oxygen
  2. Values are mean ± SD or median (IQR) for continuous and percentage for categorical variables
  3. 1Using Mann–Whitney U test for abnormal continuous variables. Values are median (IQR)
  4. 2Using independent samples T-test for normal continuous variables. Values are mean ± SD
  5. 3Using chi-square test for categorical variables. Values are percentages
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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