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Correction: Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population
BMC Nephrology volume 25, Article number: 251 (2024)
Correction to: BMC Nephrology (2020) 21:387https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x
Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified some errors in Abstract, Tables 1, 2 and 3; Fig. 3 and Supplementary files – correcting an error in the calculation of the eGFR in the published version of the paper.
NB: although these corrections mean that the numbers for the eGFR analyses (e.g. eGFR < 60) have changed, the main findings of the paper have not changed.
Also, the authors wanted to have removed the following sentence under the section “urban rural comparison of eGFR”
Due to the small proportion of participants in the eGFR < 90 category in the urban population, we could not conduct logistic regression analyses for Area 25.
Corrected Abstract
Background
An epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu) is occurring in rural communities in tropical regions of low-and middle-income countries in South America and India. Little information is available from Southern African countries which have similar climatic and occupational characteristics to CKDu-endemic countries. We investigated whether CKDu is prevalent in Malawi and identified its potential risk factors in this setting.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study from January–August 2018 collecting bio samples and anthropometric data in two Malawian populations. The sample comprised adults > 18 years (n = 821) without diabetes, hypertension, and proteinuria. Estimates of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated using the CKD-EPI2009 equation. Linear and logistic regression models were applied with potential risk factors, to estimate risk of reduced eGFR.
Results
The mean eGFR was 112.3 ± 22.9 ml/min per 1.73m2 and the mean participant age was 33.5 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of eGFR < 60 was 2.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2, 3.2); the prevalence of eGFR < 90 was 16.1% (95% CI = 13.6, 18.7). We observed a higher prevalence of eGFR < 90 in the urban population (21.8% (16.8, 27.5)), versus rural (13.7% (10.9, 16.7)). Age was associated with increased risk of eGFR < 90 [Odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) = 1.79 (1.53, 2.13) per ten-year increment]. Lower risk of eGFR < 90 was observed for rural participants [OR (95%CI) = 0.43 (0.24, 0.79)].
Conclusions
Reduced kidney function consistent with the definition of CKDu is not common in the areas of Malawi sampled, compared to that observed in other tropical or sub-tropical countries in Central America and South Asia. Reduced eGFR < 90 was related to age and was more common in urban areas. These findings are important as they contradict some current hypothesis that CKDu is endemic across tropical and sub-tropical countries. This study has enabled standardized comparisons of impaired kidney function between and within tropical/subtropical regions of the world and will help form the basis for further etiological research, surveillance strategies, and the implementation and evaluation of interventions.
Corrected Tables
References
Hamilton, et al. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21387. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-020-02034-x.
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Hamilton, S.A., Nakanga, W.P., Prynn, J.E. et al. Correction: Prevalence and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown cause in Malawi: a cross-sectional analysis in a rural and urban population. BMC Nephrol 25, 251 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03681-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-024-03681-0